Cellular Structures

1. Cellular Structures …a “division of labour”

2. Animal Cell

3. Guess the organelle! • Tiny & oval shaped… • Provides cell with needed energy in a process called “respiration” whereby sugar molecules are combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide & water…as the products are formed, energy is released. • Termed the “power plant” of cell

4. Mitochondrion

5. Guess the organelle! • Cell growth & reproduction require the constant synthesis of proteins… • Proteins are the molecules that make up cell structure… • Measure just 20 nm in length… • Which organelles are responsible for the synthesis of proteins?

6. Ribosomes

7. Guess the organelle! • Series of canals that carry materials throughout the cytoplasm… • The membranes can appear either rough or smooth… • rER is highly developed in cells of the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes • sER is free of ribosomes & is the area in which fats or lipids are synthesized

8. EndoplasmicReticulum

9. Guess the organelle! • The “pancake-like” structures are actually membranous sacs piled up on top of each other… • Protein molecules from the rER are stored within this apparatus… • The packaged protein membranes move towards the cell membrane & fuse with the membrane to be released as vesicles (exocytosis)

10. Golgi Bodies

11. Division of Labor example... • Proteins reach the end of the ER • A sac forms around the proteins • Now called a vesicle • Vesicle breaks away from the ER and moves towards the nearest sac of the Golgi body • Vesicle fuses & empties protein molecules into the Golgi body

12. Interaction ofOrganelles • nucleus • ER • ribosomes • Golgi

13. Division of Labor example... • Proteins pass from one sac to another in vesicles formed from the Golgi complex (“mail must be sorted when it comes into the post office”) • Many membranes present in cells are interchangeable…they can be recycled from one part of the cell to another (same basic structure)

14. Plasma (Cell) Membrane

15. Guess the organelle! • Formed by the Golgi bodies • Sac-like structures that contain digestive enzymes which break down large molecules & cell parts within the cytoplasm… • The swelling & pain associated with arthritis have been linked to the seepage of this organelle…cortisone is thought to strengthen this organelles membrane.

16. L Y S O S O M E S

17. Guess the organelle! • Tiny threadlike fibers that transport materials throughout the cytoplasm… • Made of protein • 2 types • One is smaller than the other…

18. Flagellum and Cilia

19. Flagellum and Cilia Structure

20. Special Structures of Plants! • The structures discussed to this point are found in BOTH plant & animal cells • Plant cells differ in that they can produce their own food using specialized organelles called PLASTIDS • The VACUOLE is a fluid-filled space that occupies much of the cytoplasm. It is a storage space for sugars, minerals, & proteins.

21. Special Structures of Plants! • Most plant cells are surrounded by a nonliving cell wall made of cellulose. • Protects & supports the plant cell.

22. The Plant Cell Wall

23. Large VacuolesA loss of turgor pressure results in wilting plants

24. Plastids • Chloroplasts specialize in photosynthesis; green pigment chlorophyll

25. Plastids in Fruits and Vegetables • Chromoplastsstore the orange & yellow pigments found in numerous plants.

26. Storage Plastids • Amyloplastsare storehouses for starch (potato tubers & seeds) • Colorless plastids

27. Guess the structure! • Tiny microtubular structure found near the nucleus of animal cells… • Duplicate prior to sell division • Play a role in cell division

28. Centrioles Special Animal Cell Structures