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Sources & Surfaces

Sources & Surfaces. Evaluating Spectral Distribution Interactions Using Roadway Signage IESNA Roadway Lighting Committee April 2003 David M. Keith, FIES & Jefferey F. Knox. Sources & Surfaces: Overview. Our world is not all shades of gray, but . . .

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Sources & Surfaces

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  1. Sources & Surfaces Evaluating Spectral Distribution InteractionsUsing Roadway Signage IESNA Roadway Lighting CommitteeApril 2003David M. Keith, FIES& Jefferey F. Knox

  2. Sources & Surfaces: Overview • Our world is not all shades of gray, but . . . • “Lumen” is spectrally ignorant by definition • Therefore, since we use color to communicate especially important information such as • should we evaluate visibility using full spectral information that describes color?

  3. Sources & Surfaces: Background • Luminous reflectance: • Any of the geometric aspects of reflectance in which both the incident and the reflected flux are weighted by the spectral luminous efficiency of radiant flux V(λ). • Note: Unless otherwise qualified, the term “reflectance” means luminous reflectance. • Sources: “GLOSSARY OF LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY” IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th edition & IENSA RP-16-1996

  4. Sources & Surfaces: Background • Reflectance = Lumensoff Lumenson • This means that “reflectance” is specific to each source’s spectral power distribution’s interaction with the surface’s spectral reflectance distribution • Contrast is calculated using reflectance

  5. Sources & Surfaces: Background • Reflectance for surfaces is typically reported with no mention of the source being used in the evaluation, e.g. • Figure 1-36, IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th edition • ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00 luminance calculation procedures (Annex A & IESNA Handbook, Figure 22-1)

  6. Sources & Surfaces: Background • Reflectance for many (most?) exterior surfaces is only marginally dependent on source SPD, because most natural surfaces are approximately “gray” • Colored surfaces may be dependent on SPD interactions - how to find out? • Roadway signage is familiar, available & important example for such investigation

  7. Sources & Surfaces: Procedure • Collect spectral data for exterior light sources and signage surfaces • Combine using spectrally informed procedures to establish reflectances • Combine into appropriate pairs for calculating contrast values • Repeat with CIE LAB procedures for color difference evaluations

  8. Sources Used in this Work Equal Energy constant radiation across the entire spectrum D65 a ‘daylight’ source of 6500 K from CIE Illuminant A an incandescent source of 2850 K from CIE HPS SPDs of four High Pressure Sodium wattages MH SPDs for Metal Halide Sources 250 or 400 watt, universal or horizontal Fluorescents four different CCT’s: 30, 35, 41 & 65

  9. Sources Used in this Work Source Abbr. x y CCT CRI Equal Energy EqE 0.33 0.33 5455 95* CIE D65 C_D 0.31 0.33 6502 100 CIE Illuminant A C_A 0.45 0.41 2856 100 HPS 100W H10 0.52 0.42 2060 16 HPS 150W H15 0.51 0.42 2174 21 HPS 250W H25 0.52 0.41 2001 21 HPS 400W H40 0.52 0.42 2116 16 MH 250W Horiz M2h 0.39 0.40 4002 64* MH 250W Univ M2u 0.38 0.40 4061 53* MH 400W Horiz M4h 0.37 0.39 4319 68* MH 400W Univ M4u 0.40 0.40 3776 58* Fluorescent 3000K F30 0.44 0.41 2919 85 Fluorescent 3500K F35 0.42 0.40 3326 87 Fluorescent 4100K F41 0.39 0.38 3813 87 Fluorescent 6500K F65 0.32 0.34 6088 87

  10. Surfaces Used in this Work • Roadway signage films • manufactured materials, not paints • Three different series from 3M • Engineer Grade (ENG) • High Intensity Flexible Workzone Sheeting (HIS) • Visual Impact Sheeting (VIS) a.k.a. Scotch Lite Diamond Grade

  11. Surfaces Used in this Work • each series has multiple colors • white • yellow • red • green • blue • two series (HIS & EG) also have • brown • orange

  12. Surfaces Used in this Work All meet FHWA SpecificationsCIE D65 CIE Illuminant A x y x y White ENG 0.32 0.34 0.45 0.41 HIS 0.31 0.33 0.44 0.41 VIP 0.31 0.33 0.44 0.41 Blue ENG 0.14 0.11 0.16 0.18 HIS 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.22 VIP 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.24 Green ENG 0.14 0.42 0.18 0.51 HIS 0.14 0.44 0.17 0.53 VIP 0.13 0.42 0.17 0.51 Yellow ENG0.50 0.48 0.55 0.44 HIS 0.52 0.47 0.57 0.43 VIP0.53 0.47 0.57 0.43 Orange ENG0.58 0.40 0.61 0.39 HIS0.54 0.40 0.60 0.39 Red ENG0.66 0.33 0.68 0.32 HIS 0.66 0.32 0.68 0.32 VIP0.66 0.32 0.68 0.32 Brown ENG0.52 0.40 0.59 0.39 HIS0.50 0.40 0.58 0.39

  13. Procedure: Reflectance • Lumens on Lumens on = K*[S()*v()] • Lumens off Lumens offtypical = ρaverage* {K*[S()*v()]} Lumens offrevised = K *  [ S() * v() * ρ () ]

  14. Reflectances EqE C_D C_A H10 H15 H25 H40 M2h M2u M4h M4u F30 F35 F41 F65 White ENG45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45HIS 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33VIP 41 42 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 Blue ENG 2.4 2.6 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.1HIS 3.3 3.5 2.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 3.1VIP 1.9 2.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.9 GreenENG 5.5 5.9 4.1 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.5HIS 6.2 6.6 4.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.9 4.4 5.2 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.3 6.5VIP 5.6 6.0 4.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.5 4.0 4.8 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.6 YellowENG37 35 41 48 48 48 48 40 42 40 41 42 41 40 37HIS 18 17 21 25 25 25 25 20 21 20 21 21 20 20 18VIP 26 25 30 37 37 37 37 30 31 29 31 30 29 28 26 OrangeENG 25 23 31 44 43 44 44 30 31 29 31 28 26 25 20HIS17 16 20 26 25 26 26 19 19 18 20 20 19 18 16 RedENG 6.1 5.4 8.5 7.8 7.4 8.3 7.5 5.1 4.5 5.0 5.1 8.4 7.7 7.1 5.5HIS 4.2 3.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.1 5.5 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.7 5.7 5.3 4.8 3.7VIP 6.7 5.9 9.5 8.8 8.4 9.5 8.5 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.5 9.8 9.0 8.3 6.3 BrownENG5.8 5.5 6.9 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.4 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 7.2 6.9 6.6 5.9HIS 4.5 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.2 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.2

  15. Reflectances EqE C_D C_A H10 H15 H25 H40 M2h M2u M4h M4u F30 F35 F41 F65 White ENG45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45HIS 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33VIP 41 42 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 Blue ENG 2.4 2.6 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.1HIS 3.3 3.5 2.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 3.1VIP 1.9 2.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.9 GreenENG 5.5 5.9 4.1 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.5HIS 6.2 6.6 4.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.9 4.4 5.2 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.3 6.5VIP 5.6 6.0 4.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.5 4.0 4.8 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.6 YellowENG37 35 41 48 48 48 48 40 42 40 41 42 41 40 37HIS 18 17 21 25 25 25 25 20 21 20 21 21 20 20 18VIP 26 25 30 37 37 37 37 30 31 29 31 30 29 28 26 OrangeENG 25 23 31 44 43 44 44 30 31 29 31 28 26 25 20HIS17 16 20 26 25 26 26 19 19 18 20 20 19 18 16 RedENG 6.1 5.4 8.5 7.8 7.4 8.3 7.5 5.1 4.5 5.0 5.1 8.4 7.7 7.1 5.5HIS 4.2 3.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.1 5.5 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.7 5.7 5.3 4.8 3.7VIP 6.7 5.9 9.5 8.8 8.4 9.5 8.5 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.5 9.8 9.0 8.3 6.3 BrownENG5.8 5.5 6.9 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.4 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 7.2 6.9 6.6 5.9HIS 4.5 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.2 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.2

  16. Reflectances EqE C_D C_A H10 H15 H25 H40 M2h M2u M4h M4u F30 F35 F41 F65 White ENG45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45HIS 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33VIP 41 42 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42 Blue ENG 2.4 2.6 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.1HIS 3.3 3.5 2.2 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 2.4 2.2 2.6 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.3 3.1VIP 1.9 2.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.9 GreenENG 5.5 5.9 4.1 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.5 5.5HIS 6.2 6.6 4.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.9 4.4 5.2 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.3 6.5VIP 5.6 6.0 4.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 4.5 4.0 4.8 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.5 5.6 YellowENG37 35 41 48 48 48 48 40 42 40 41 42 41 40 37HIS 18 17 21 25 25 25 25 20 21 20 21 21 20 20 18VIP 26 25 30 37 37 37 37 30 31 29 31 30 29 28 26 OrangeENG 25 23 31 44 43 44 44 30 31 29 31 28 26 25 20HIS17 16 20 26 25 26 26 19 19 18 20 20 19 18 16 RedENG 6.1 5.4 8.5 7.8 7.4 8.3 7.5 5.1 4.5 5.0 5.1 8.4 7.7 7.1 5.5HIS 4.2 3.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.1 5.5 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.7 5.7 5.3 4.8 3.7VIP 6.7 5.9 9.5 8.8 8.4 9.5 8.5 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.5 9.8 9.0 8.3 6.3 BrownENG5.8 5.5 6.9 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.4 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 7.2 6.9 6.6 5.9HIS 4.5 4.3 5.3 6.3 6.1 6.3 6.2 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.2

  17. Reflectances: HPS vs MH High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide Avg StDev Avg StDev HPS/MH White ENG45 0.0 45 0.0 1.0 HIS 33 0.0 33 0.0 1.0VIP 41 0.1 41 0.0 1.0 Blue ENG 0.8 0.1 1.7 0.2 0.5 HIS 0.8 0.1 2.4 0.2 0.4 VIP 0.5 0.1 1.5 0.1 0.4 GreenENG 1.6 0.0 4.3 0.3 0.4 HIS 1.6 0.1 4.7 0.4 0.3VIP 1.6 0.0 4.3 0.4 0.4 YellowENG 48 0.1 41 1.0 1.2 HIS 25 0.2 20 0.5 1.2 VIP 37 0.2 30 0.8 1.2 OrangeENG 44 0.7 30 1.0 1.5HIS 26 0.4 19 0.5 1.4 RedENG 7.8 0.4 4.9 0.3 1.6 HIS 5.7 0.3 3.6 0.2 1.6VIP 8.8 0.5 5.3 0.3 1.7 BrownENG 7.5 0.1 6.0 0.1 1.2HIS 6.2 0.1 4.9 0.1 1.3

  18. Procedure: Contrast C = (Lmax - Lmin ) / (Lmax) Cmod = (Lmax - Lmin ) / (Lmax + Lmin) For a perfectly diffuse reflector (or surfaces with similar reflectance geometric properties) Luminance = Exitance   Exitance = Lumenson * Reflectance C = (ρ max - ρ min ) / (ρ max) Cmod = (ρ max - ρ min ) / (ρ max + ρ min) Still calculated in lumens (more accurately determined)

  19. Procedure: Contrasts • Color pairs determined by common sign combinations • white - red (Stop, Yield, One-way) • black - orange (work/construction, detour) • black - yellow (caution, warning, advisory) • white - green (information, direction, exit) • Combinations evaluated using sign films in the same series e.g. ENG red & ENG white, HIS red & HIS white, VIP red & VIP white

  20. Procedure: Color Difference • Color Difference Threshold • The difference in chromaticity or luminance between two colors that makes them just perceptibly different. The difference may be in hue, saturation, brightness (lightness for surface colors) or a combination of the three. • This model more accurately reflects foveal vision which does not see in black & white - for example observe the horizontal line above - as it shades from black to white, it remains visible against the colored background (or does it?)

  21. Procedure: CIE L*a*b* • First, the illuminant in the local context can be specified, also in terms of the R, G and B cone outputs, as a reference white. The model treats all colors as a combination of surface color and illuminant color, which allows the model to be applied across a wider range of viewing conditions. • Second, the trichromatic XYZ "primaries" are transformed mathematically to represent the Y/B and R/G opponent dimensions (along with a lightness or white/black dimension), which allows the models to reproduce the basic structure of color experience.

  22. Procedure: CIE L*a*b* • Finally, CIELAB is based on a set of imaginary “primary” lights that have been chosen specifically to make the color space perceptually uniform (at least, to the degree possible in a three dimensional model). That is, a difference of 10 units on the lightness dimension has the same perceptual impact as a 10 unit difference on the Y/B or R/G dimensions -- either separately or in combination. • delLAB (ΔLAB) is the Euclidean distance between two color loci in the CIE L*a*b* space • ΔLAB = {(ΔL)2 + (Δa)2 + (Δb)2}1/2

  23. C & delLAB: white -red ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.86 0.76 82 0.87 0.77 64 0.84 0.72 87C_D 0.88 0.78 82 0.80 0.80 74 0.86 0.75 87C_A 0.81 0.68 85 0.82 0.70 77 0.77 0.62 92 H10 0.83 0.70 68 0.83 0.70 63 0.78 0.64 74H15 0.83 0.72 69 0.83 0.72 64 0.79 0.66 75H25 0.81 0.69 70 0.81 0.69 64 0.77 0.62 76H40 0.83 0.71 68 0.83 0.71 63 0.79 0.66 74 M2h 0.89 0.80 74 0.89 0.80 65 0.87 0.76 78M2u 0.90 0.82 70 0.90 0.82 63 0.88 0.79 73M4h 0.89 0.80 74 0.89 0.80 67 0.87 0.77 78M4u 0.89 0.80 71 0.89 0.80 64 0.87 0.76 74 F30 0.81 0.68 81 0.83 0.70 73 0.76 0.62 89F35 0.83 0.71 81 0.84 0.72 74 0.78 0.64 89F41 0.84 0.73 81 0.85 0.75 74 0.80 0.67 89F65 0.88 0.78 81 0.89 0.80 73 0.85 0.74 86

  24. C & delLAB: white -red ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.86 0.76 82 0.87 0.77 64 0.84 0.72 87C_D 0.88 0.78 82 0.80 0.80 74 0.86 0.75 87C_A 0.81 0.68 85 0.82 0.70 77 0.77 0.62 92 H10 0.83 0.70 68 0.83 0.70 63 0.78 0.64 74H15 0.83 0.72 69 0.83 0.72 64 0.79 0.66 75H25 0.81 0.69 70 0.81 0.69 64 0.77 0.62 76H40 0.83 0.71 68 0.83 0.71 63 0.79 0.66 74 M2h 0.89 0.80 74 0.89 0.80 65 0.87 0.76 78M2u 0.90 0.82 70 0.90 0.82 63 0.88 0.79 73M4h 0.89 0.80 74 0.89 0.80 67 0.87 0.77 78M4u 0.89 0.80 71 0.89 0.80 64 0.87 0.76 74 F30 0.81 0.68 81 0.83 0.70 73 0.76 0.62 89F35 0.83 0.71 81 0.84 0.72 74 0.78 0.64 89F41 0.84 0.73 81 0.85 0.75 74 0.80 0.67 89F65 0.88 0.78 81 0.89 0.80 73 0.85 0.74 86

  25. C & delLAB: white -red ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.86 0.76 82 0.87 0.77 64 0.84 0.72 87C_D 0.88 0.78 82 0.80 0.80 74 0.86 0.75 87C_A 0.81 0.68 85 0.82 0.70 77 0.77 0.62 92 H10 0.83 0.70 68 0.83 0.70 63 0.78 0.64 74H15 0.83 0.72 69 0.83 0.72 64 0.79 0.66 75H25 0.81 0.69 70 0.81 0.69 64 0.77 0.62 76H40 0.83 0.71 68 0.83 0.71 63 0.79 0.66 74 M2h 0.89 0.80 74 0.89 0.80 65 0.87 0.76 78M2u 0.90 0.82 70 0.90 0.82 63 0.88 0.79 73M4h 0.89 0.80 74 0.89 0.80 67 0.87 0.77 78M4u 0.89 0.80 71 0.89 0.80 64 0.87 0.76 74 F30 0.81 0.68 81 0.83 0.70 73 0.76 0.62 89F35 0.83 0.71 81 0.84 0.72 74 0.78 0.64 89F41 0.84 0.73 81 0.85 0.75 74 0.80 0.67 89F65 0.88 0.78 81 0.89 0.80 73 0.85 0.74 86

  26. C & delLAB: black-orange ENG Series HIS Series Source C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.92 0.85 102 0.88 0.79 73C_D 0.91 0.84 101 0.88 0.78 71C_A 0.94 0.88 112 0.90 0.82 81 H10 0.95 0.91 120 0.92 0.86 85H15 0.95 0.91 118 0.92 0.85 83H25 0.95 0.91 119 0.92 0.86 85H40 0.95 0.91 119 0.92 0.86 85 M2h 0.93 0.87 108 0.89 0.81 75M2u 0.93 0.88 107 0.90 0.82 72M4h 0.93 0.87 107 0.89 0.80 74M4u 0.94 0.88 108 0.90 0.81 75 F30 0.93 0.87 110 0.90 0.82 80F35 0.92 0.86 109 0.90 0.81 78F41 0.92 0.85 106 0.89 0.80 78F65 0.90 0.82 100 0.87 0.77 72

  27. C & delLAB: black-orange ENG Series HIS Series Source C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.92 0.85 102 0.88 0.79 73C_D 0.91 0.84 101 0.88 0.78 71C_A 0.94 0.88 112 0.90 0.82 81 H10 0.95 0.91 120 0.92 0.86 85H15 0.95 0.91 118 0.92 0.85 83H25 0.95 0.91 119 0.92 0.86 85H40 0.95 0.91 119 0.92 0.86 85 M2h 0.93 0.87 108 0.89 0.81 75M2u 0.93 0.88 107 0.90 0.82 72M4h 0.93 0.87 107 0.89 0.80 74M4u 0.94 0.88 108 0.90 0.81 75 F30 0.93 0.87 110 0.90 0.82 80F35 0.92 0.86 109 0.90 0.81 78F41 0.92 0.85 106 0.89 0.80 78F65 0.90 0.82 100 0.87 0.77 72

  28. C & delLAB: black-orange ENG Series HIS Series Source C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.92 0.85 102 0.88 0.79 73C_D 0.91 0.84 101 0.88 0.78 71C_A 0.94 0.88 112 0.90 0.82 81 H10 0.95 0.91 120 0.92 0.86 85H15 0.95 0.91 118 0.92 0.85 83H25 0.95 0.91 119 0.92 0.86 85H40 0.95 0.91 119 0.92 0.86 85 M2h 0.93 0.87 108 0.89 0.81 75M2u 0.93 0.88 107 0.90 0.82 72M4h 0.93 0.87 107 0.89 0.80 74M4u 0.94 0.88 108 0.90 0.81 75 F30 0.93 0.87 110 0.90 0.82 80F35 0.92 0.86 109 0.90 0.81 78F41 0.92 0.85 106 0.89 0.80 78F65 0.90 0.82 100 0.87 0.77 72

  29. C & delLAB: black-yellow ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.95 0.90 111 0.89 0.80 91 0.92 0.86 106C_D 0.94 0.89 108 0.89 0.79 89 0.92 0.85 105C_A 0.95 0.91 112 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.88 110 H10 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 117H15 0.96 0.92 120 0.92 0.85 100 0.95 0.90 116H25 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 118H40 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 118 M2h 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 110M2u 0.95 0.91 117 0.90 0.82 95 0.93 0.88 111M4h 0.95 0.90 113 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 109M4u 0.95 0.91 116 0.90 0.82 96 0.93 0.88 111 F30 0.95 0.91 114 0.91 0.83 95 0.93 0.88 109F35 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 95 0.93 0.87 110F41 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 108 F65 0.95 0.90 111 0.89 0.80 90 0.92 0.86 104

  30. C & delLAB: black-yellow ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.95 0.90 111 0.89 0.80 91 0.92 0.86 106C_D 0.94 0.89 108 0.89 0.79 89 0.92 0.85 105C_A 0.95 0.91 112 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.88 110 H10 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 117H15 0.96 0.92 120 0.92 0.85 100 0.95 0.90 116H25 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 118H40 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 118 M2h 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 110M2u 0.95 0.91 117 0.90 0.82 95 0.93 0.88 111M4h 0.95 0.90 113 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 109M4u 0.95 0.91 116 0.90 0.82 96 0.93 0.88 111 F30 0.95 0.91 114 0.91 0.83 95 0.93 0.88 109F35 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 95 0.93 0.87 110F41 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 108 F65 0.95 0.90 111 0.89 0.80 90 0.92 0.86 104

  31. C & delLAB: black-yellow ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.95 0.90 111 0.89 0.80 91 0.92 0.86 106C_D 0.94 0.89 108 0.89 0.79 89 0.92 0.85 105C_A 0.95 0.91 112 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.88 110 H10 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 117H15 0.96 0.92 120 0.92 0.85 100 0.95 0.90 116H25 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 118H40 0.96 0.92 121 0.92 0.85 101 0.95 0.90 118 M2h 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 110M2u 0.95 0.91 117 0.90 0.82 95 0.93 0.88 111M4h 0.95 0.90 113 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 109M4u 0.95 0.91 116 0.90 0.82 96 0.93 0.88 111 F30 0.95 0.91 114 0.91 0.83 95 0.93 0.88 109F35 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 95 0.93 0.87 110F41 0.95 0.91 114 0.90 0.82 94 0.93 0.87 108 F65 0.95 0.90 111 0.89 0.80 90 0.92 0.86 104

  32. C & delLAB: white -green ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.88 0.78 72 0.81 0.68 71 0.87 0.76 72C_D 0.87 0.77 71 0.80 0.67 69 0.86 0.75 72C_A 0.91 0.83 74 0.86 0.75 71 0.90 0.81 73 H10 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 69H15 0.96 0.93 72 0.95 0.90 65 0.96 0.92 68H25 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 68H40 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 69 M2h 0.90 0.82 71 0.85 0.74 68 0.89 0.80 69M2u 0.91 0.84 68 0.87 0.76 64 0.90 0.82 67M4h 0.90 0.81 71 0.84 0.73 69 0.88 0.79 70M4u 0.91 0.84 69 0.87 0.76 66 0.90 0.82 68 F30 0.91 0.84 68 0.86 0.76 65 0.91 0.83 66F35 0.91 0.83 67 0.85 0.74 65 0.90 0.81 66F41 0.90 0.82 68 0.84 0.72 65 0.89 0.80 67F65 0.88 0.78 67 0.80 0.67 65 0.87 0.76 69

  33. C & delLAB: white -green ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.88 0.78 72 0.81 0.68 71 0.87 0.76 72C_D 0.87 0.77 71 0.80 0.67 69 0.86 0.75 72C_A 0.91 0.83 74 0.86 0.75 71 0.90 0.81 73 H10 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 69H15 0.96 0.93 72 0.95 0.90 65 0.96 0.92 68H25 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 68H40 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 69 M2h 0.90 0.82 71 0.85 0.74 68 0.89 0.80 69M2u 0.91 0.84 68 0.87 0.76 64 0.90 0.82 67M4h 0.90 0.81 71 0.84 0.73 69 0.88 0.79 70M4u 0.91 0.84 69 0.87 0.76 66 0.90 0.82 68 F30 0.91 0.84 68 0.86 0.76 65 0.91 0.83 66F35 0.91 0.83 67 0.85 0.74 65 0.90 0.81 66F41 0.90 0.82 68 0.84 0.72 65 0.89 0.80 67F65 0.88 0.78 67 0.80 0.67 65 0.87 0.76 69

  34. C & delLAB: white -green ENG Series HIS Series VIP SeriesSource C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB C Cmod dLAB EqE 0.88 0.78 72 0.81 0.68 71 0.87 0.76 72C_D 0.87 0.77 71 0.80 0.67 69 0.86 0.75 72C_A 0.91 0.83 74 0.86 0.75 71 0.90 0.81 73 H10 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 69H15 0.96 0.93 72 0.95 0.90 65 0.96 0.92 68H25 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 68H40 0.96 0.93 73 0.95 0.91 65 0.96 0.92 69 M2h 0.90 0.82 71 0.85 0.74 68 0.89 0.80 69M2u 0.91 0.84 68 0.87 0.76 64 0.90 0.82 67M4h 0.90 0.81 71 0.84 0.73 69 0.88 0.79 70M4u 0.91 0.84 69 0.87 0.76 66 0.90 0.82 68 F30 0.91 0.84 68 0.86 0.76 65 0.91 0.83 66F35 0.91 0.83 67 0.85 0.74 65 0.90 0.81 66F41 0.90 0.82 68 0.84 0.72 65 0.89 0.80 67F65 0.88 0.78 67 0.80 0.67 65 0.87 0.76 69

  35. “How to use these results” • If signs are “iconic” - the image is what matters, not the information within - then • reflectance of the surface should be maximised • contrast and delLAB values are not as important • Stop signs’ highest reflectance from C_A and HPS • If signs are “informational” (read text) then • reflectance is not as important • contrast and delLAB should be maximized • work, caution and “direction/exit” colors have highest values from HPS (nearly as high for C_A)

  36. Future Work • Investigate additional colors and surfaces • Incorporation of appropriate mesopic spectral luminous efficiency function(s) for foveal vision • Application of a model for evaluating age effects • Further investigate appropriate color difference models (such as CIE LAB)

  37. Summary • Keep the spectral information in the calculation procedure • Spectral effects of illuminants cannot be evaluated without considering the spectral reflectance of the lighted surfaces • All this is evaluated as single bounce applications (no inter-reflections!)

  38. Sources & Surfaces This work was solely supported by Luminous Design, Inc & Marshall Design, Inc who gratefully acknowledge the assistance of: 3M for data on signage reflectance Philips Lighting for lamp SPD’s email: keithd@resodance.com

  39. Sources & Surfaces Evaluating Spectral Distribution InteractionsUsing Roadway Signage IESNA Roadway Lighting CommitteeApril 2003David M. Keith, FIES& Jefferey F. Knox

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