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Gustav Embden , Otto Meyerhof and Jakub Parnas

Gustav Embden , Otto Meyerhof and Jakub Parnas. By : Brunette K and Melissa K. JAKUB PARNAS. Jakub Parnas. Was a prominent Jew-Polish–Soviet biochemist Contributed to the discovery of the Embden –Meyerhof– Parnas pathway

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Gustav Embden , Otto Meyerhof and Jakub Parnas

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  1. Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and JakubParnas By : Brunette K and Melissa K

  2. JAKUB PARNAS

  3. JakubParnas • Was a prominent Jew-Polish–Soviet biochemist • Contributed to the discovery of the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway • His major work was the study of the mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolism in muscle tissue • He discovered the process of phosphorolysis • Contributed to the analysis of Glycolysis • He also studied the metabolism of animals tissues • He used the rabbit in this case • He injected L(+/)and D (-) lactic acids to rabbits and analyzed its content in particular organs like muscles and urine • Was able to prove that L and D forms of lactate are differently metabolized • He concluded that L (+) lactic acid is quickly removed from tissues, whereas D(-) lactate is extremely slowly metabolized and its toxic

  4. Cont.. • Did an experiment on the connection between the breaking down of glycogen and lactic acid formation • Did the experiment on tissues homogenate and on perfused organs • Him and Wagner performed the experiment on resting and working isolated frog muscle in oxidative and anaerobic conditions • Their result concluded that the decrease of carbohydrate content in working muscles is accompanied by lactate formation whereas in anaerobic conditions much less lactate is present, less is formed, or is metabolized further

  5. OTTO MEYERHOF

  6. OTTO MEYERHOF • *German biochemist born in 1884 and died in 1951 • * In 1919 He showed that during muscle contraction where oxygen is not present ,glycogen is converted to lactic acid • *Furthermore, he showed in the presence of oxygen a small amount of lactic acid is broken down into Carbon dioxide and water • * In 1925 he extracted the group of enzyme that help in the conversion of glycogen to lactic acid from muscle

  7. CONT.. • * He studied metabolism of sea-urchin eggs • * He found a coenzyme of alcoholic fermentation • *studied the respiration of killed cells • * He discovered a co-enzyme of respiration • * Meyerhof showed that the unsaturated fatty acids in the cell are oxidized with the help of the sulphydryl group • * He extracted from the muscle of a frog the enzymes that convert glycogen to lactic acid • * observed that in the absence of oxygen in the muscle, lactic acid appears slowly in the relaxed state and rapidly in the active state, and that this lactic acid disappears again in the presence of oxygen • *concluded that oxygen is only involved in the relaxed state of a muscle

  8. GUSTAVE EMBDEN

  9. GUSTAV EMBDEN • German biochemist • *Carried studies on Carbohydrate metabolism and muscle contraction • * He was the first to find a connection between the steps of conversion of glycogen to lactic acid • *He conducted his studies mostly in living organisms especially in organs such as the liver • *He studied the metabolic processes in liver tissues • * From his studies on liver tissues he concluded that the organ plays a significance role in metabolism • * His conclusion led him to further studies that led to the researches of normal sugar metabolism and of diabetes

  10. Cont.. • * In 1924 he discovered that compared to the processes in the yeast cell glucose has to be broken down to an ester product in order to breakdown further • In 1927 he discovered what is now named as “Embdem ester” in the muscle cells • By the time of his death (1933) him and his assistant traced all the steps of conversion of glycogen to lactic acid

  11. Cont.. • Embden noticed that results would be unsatisfactory if experiment were conducted on both undissected and dissected animals • Consequently he used a perfusion technique to conduct experiments using the livers of warm blooded animals • The new perfusion method helped keep the dissected liver intact • As a result he found out that oxidative deamination is a way to break down the synthesis reaction of sugar to lactic acid • His results also showed that metabolism in liver is highly significant • His studies on carbohydrate metabolism led him to an interest in chemical processes in muscular activity • His work led to the discovery of adenyl phosphoric acid in the muscle that open a new large field in biochemistry

  12. REFERENCES • http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/embden-meyerhof+pathway • http://www.jbc.org/content/280/4/e3 • http://books.google.ca/books?id=XOyjZX0Wxw4C&pg=PR57&dq=otto+meyerhof+experiments&hl=en&ei=9bekTrbEGcrd0QGTr8DeDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=otto%20meyerhof%20experiments&f=false • http://books.google.ca/books?id=XxUqWDwwIewC&pg=PA10&dq=gustav+embden+experiments&hl=en&ei=GW-kTojtJ8rx0gG4sKifBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=gustav%20embden%20experiments&f=false

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