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Classification of Living Things:

Classification of Living Things:. Classification Major Kingdoms. History of Classification. Aristotle 384 BC Species were identified as Plants or Animals . History of Classification. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Developed our modern classification system Binomial nomenclature

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Classification of Living Things:

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  1. Classification of Living Things: Classification Major Kingdoms

  2. History of Classification • Aristotle • 384 BC • Species were identified as Plants or Animals

  3. History of Classification • Carolus Linnaeus • 1707-1778 • Developed our modern classification system • Binomial nomenclature (two names) • Ex. Homo sapiens Italicize!!! CAPITALIZED lowercase

  4. Linnaean Classification • Organizes organisms into groups and subgroups based on evolutionary relationships • Often revised when new relationships are discovered (DNA evidence) • Example: Pseudocalanus spp.

  5. Classification levels: • Kingdom (broad) • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species (specific)

  6. 6 Kingdoms of Life Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates and WH Freeman

  7. http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/ZooLabs/Introduction%20to%20Taxonomy.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/ZooLabs/Introduction%20to%20Taxonomy.htm

  8. Prokaryotic Kingdoms • The Monera Kingdom  split into • Kingdom Eubacteria • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Only kingdoms of prokaryotic organisms • Have a cell wall • Lack membrane-bound organelles • Lack multicellular forms.

  9. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Unicellular • Prokayotic • Extreme environments (near volcanic activity)  don’t need oxygen, light • Three divisions of archaebacteria: • Methanogens: methane producing organisms • Thermophiles: These can live in extremely hot, acidic environments like sulfur springs. • Halophiles: Can only live in bodies of concentrated salt water, like the Dead Sea.

  10. KINGDOM EUBACTERIA • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Extreme environments • HETEROTROPHS: • This bacteria lives about anywhere, including in your body in the form of a parasite. • AUTOTROPHS: • Obtain energy through photosynthesis. • blue-green bacteria  chlorophyll • They live in chains in ponds, lakes, and moist regions. • CHEMOTROPHS: • Produce energy by converting inorganic matter into organic matter.

  11. http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id6.html

  12. Kingdom Protista • The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom • A variety of eukaryotic body forms: • Can be single-celled, colonial, or multicellular • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Basically eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants.

  13. Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophic • Usually multicellular group  multinucleated cells enclosed in cells with cell walls • Obtain energy by decomposition and absorption • Some fungi  • Cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), • Others are useful in baking, brewing, and sources for antibiotics.

  14. http://mycorrhizas.info/ecmf.html

  15. Kingdom Plantae • Immobile • Multicellular eukaryotes • Produce their food by photosynthesis (autotrophs) • Cell wall (cellulose) • Important sources of oxygen, food, and clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.

  16. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Heterotrophic eukaryotes • Mobile at some stage during their lives • Lack cell walls • Animals provide food, clothing, fats, scents, companionship, and labor.

  17. Cladistics Organisms are defined and grouped based on shared features (called characters) derived from a common ancestor.

  18. Cladistics Uses branching diagrams called cladograms http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/phylogenetics_02

  19. Parts of a Cladogram Branches Organism Node  Name of Group Feature(s) or Character(s)

  20. Reading a Cladogram Each “V” shows organisms that share a common ancestor Organism B Organism A Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B

  21. Reading a Cladogram The smaller the V, the more closely related the organisms are… Organism B Organism A Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B …and the more characters they share…

  22. Reading a Cladogram Organism B Organism A Common Ancestor of Organisms A and B All the characters below the V!

  23. Reading a Cladogram Organism C Organism B Organism A Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B and C

  24. Reading a Cladogram Organism A Organism B Organism C Organism D Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B, C and D

  25. Reading a Cladogram Organism A Organism B Organism C Organism D Organism E Common Ancestor of Organisms A, B, C, D and E

  26. Step 1: Make a table

  27. Step 2: Complete a Venn Diagram

  28. Step 3: Draw a Cladogram

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