Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 Tissues, glands and membranes

2. tissues • Histology is the study of tissues Four main groups of tissues • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous tissue

3. Epithelial tissue • Forms a protective covering for the body • Is the main tissue of outer layer of skin • Forms membranes, ducts, and the lining of body cavities and hollow organs

4. Classification epithelial tissue Classification by shape • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar Classification by arrangement • Simple • Stratified • Pseudostratified

6. Special functions of epithelial tissue • Traps foreign particles • Mucus-secreting (goblet) cells • Cilia • Self-repairs quickly

7. glands • Specialized to produce a substance sent out of a body or tissue. • Exocrine glands • Single cell • Multiple cells • Endocrine glands

8. Exocrine glands • Have tubes or ducts to secrete substances. • oil glands • Lacrimal glands • Sweat glands

9. Endocrine glands • Not secreted through ducts, secreted directly into surrounding fluid • hormones

10. Connective tissue Categorized by physical properties • Circulating connective tissue • Generalized connective tissue • Structural connective tissue

11. Generalized connective tissue Two forms • Loose • Areolar tissue • Adipose tissue • Dense • Irregular • Regular • Elastic

12. Loose ct • Areolar- surrounds organs and vessels • Adipose- stores fat

13. Dense CT Types of dense connective tissue • Irregular; mostly collagenous fibers in random arrangement. Examples: membranes, capsules • Regular; mostly collagenous fibers in parallel alignment. Examples: tendons, ligaments • Elastic; elastic fibers. Examples: vocal cords, blood vessel walls

14. Structural CT • Cartilage • Hyaline cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Elastic cartilage • Bone • Osseous tissue • Bone marrow

15. Structural ct

16. Muscle tissue Types of muscle tissue Smooth- - involuntary muscle - non striated -lines hollow organs (small intestine etc) • Skeletal muscle • Voluntary muscle • Striated muscle • Cardiac muscle (myocardium) • Involuntary muscle • Intercalated disks • Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)

17. Muscle tissue

18. Nervous tissue Body’s communication system is made of nervous tissue • Brain • Nerves • Spinal cord

19. Nervous tissue

20. neuron Basic unit of nervous tissue • Nerve cell body • Fibers • Dendrite • Axon • Nerve

21. neuroglia • Protect neurons • Form myelin sheath around neurons to speed up impulses

22. membranes Thin sheets of tissue • Cover a surface • Serve as a divider • Line a hollow organ or body cavity • Anchor an organ • Contain cells that secrete lubricants

23. Epithelial membranes Several types • Serous • Mucous • Cutaneous

24. Serous membranes Three types of serous membranes • Pleurae • Serous pericardium • Peritoneum Organization of the serous membrane • Parietal layer • Visceral layer

26. Mucous membranes Vary in structure and function • Trap and remove foreign particles • Protect deeper tissue • Absorb food materials

27. Connective tissue membranes Connective tissue without epithelium • Synovial membranes • Meninges Fibrous bands or sheets that support and hold organs • Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia • Deep fascia Membranes that support organs • Fibrous pericardium • Periosteum • Perichondrium

28. Tissues and aging Tissues lose elasticity as they age • Skin • Blood vessels • Tendons and ligaments • Bones • Muscles