Head 4 pieces of paper: Name, Period,

1. Head 4 pieces of paper: Name, Period, Add these titles Background and Questions Methods Results Conclusions

2. Copy these rules to your Methods notes RULES: 1. Pay attention. 2. Follow directions. 3. Stay with class—cut for cut. 4. Don’t mess around. • Use tools properly. 6. Be respectful to the frog.

3. http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION Write this Question: 7.How do frogs respire using skin?

4. HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION Write this Question: 5.Where are fat bodies located and what do they look like? FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy Images from: http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm

5. OBSERVATION and IDENTIFICATION: ventral-belly side, dorsal-back side, thumb pads, 4 digits-forelimb, 5 digits-hindlimb, no ribs, nictitating membrane, tympanum, mouth-tongue, Eustachian tube, maxillary teeth, vomerine teeth, glottis, eye bulges, gullet

6. Add this detail to your Questions notes NO CLAWS RESULTS: SKETCH the frog’s muscular hind leg INCLUDE webbing between the toes Write this Question: 1. How do adult frogs use webbing on feet and hind legs for movement? image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

7. Write this Question: 8. Will internal parts support what we conclude about the sex of our frog from the outside parts? What sex is it? Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm RESULTS: SKETCH the frog outline from the bottom SKETCH the thumb, showing pad or not WRITE the gender and name you give it

8. EXIT OPENINGS OPENING SHARED BY EXCRETORY, REPRODUCTIVE, & DIGESTIVE = ______________ CLOACA Write this Question: 9. Can we see how three systems empty into the cloaca? http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Amphibians.htm

9. The nares primary role is to let air into and out of the frog. This is a view of the nares from outside of the frog. Write this Question: 2. How are nares, nictitating membranes and tympanic membranes adaptations to amphibious lifestyle? RESULTS: SKETCH the frog head from side INCLUDE and LABEL these 3 parts The tympanum, found just behind the eyes, functions as the ears of the frog. They receive sound waves both above and below water allowing the frog to hear. Nictitating membrane image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

10. A. The Tongue Cut the edges of the jaw with scissors. Cut back until you hear a crack (hit jaw bone) Write this Question: 3. How does the tongue attachment and other mouth parts help frogs capture food? METHODS: DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you open and pin the frog’s mouth to see the parts

11. gullet • To where does the gullet lead? esophagus and then stomach Food is swallowed through the gullet & then through the esophagus where peristalsis aids its movement to the stomach. RESULTS: SKETCH the frog’s open mouth INCLUDE and LABEL the mouth parts that frogs use to eat food

12. DAY TWO: cut opened, pinned down legs • OBSERVATION and IDENTIFICATION: • oviducts and eggs, fat bodies • Digestive System: liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine • Circulatory System: 3 chambered heart: right and left atrium, ventricle • Respiratory System: lungs • Urogenital System: oviducts/eggs or testes, kidneys, cloaca/vent, urinary bladder • spleen

13. Dissection Cuts • 3 main cuts total • -1. Cut from abdomen up to neck • -2. Cut across front legs • -3. Cut across rear legs • *Have to perform cuts twice. Once to cut through skin, then again to cut through muscle* • *When finished, fold back skin flaps* METHODS: DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you open and pin the frog’s skin and muscle layer to see the parts

14. First Muscle Incision 1. Repeat the incisions, this time through the muscle layer. 2. Make a small cut with the scissors at the rear legs of the frog. 3. Using the scissors, continue the incision up the midline to a point just below the front legs. 4. Be careful that you don't cut too deeply. The muscle is thin. It is easy to damage the organs underneath. Dissection Cuts http://frog.edschool.virginia.edu/Frog2/Dissection/Incisions/muscle1_first.html

15. Muscle Horizontal 1. Make the horizontal incisions. 2. Just as you did with the skin, make a sideways incision in the muscle with the scissors. 3. Make the first incision between the front legs. 4. The next incision is just above the rear legs. Dissection Cuts http://frog.edschool.virginia.edu/Frog2/Dissection/Incisions/muscle3_horiz.html

16. T-Pins Place a t-pin in each foot at an angle facing the body of the frog.

17. Part 3: Digestive System: Internal Organs Write this Question: 4. How does a frog’s digestive system break down food, absorb nutrients, and process undigested material?

18. Removal of Eggs If you have a female frog, you may have many black circle shaped structures on the inside of the frog when you it. These are eggs and need to be removed so that you can see the organs below them. METHODS: IF YOU HAVE EGGS, DESCRIBE / SKETCH how you removed them to see other parts

19. Oviducts & Eggs RESULTS: IF YOU HAVE THEM, SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s oviducts, ovaries and eggs The oviducts are tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The eggs are the female reproductive cell.

20. FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during Hibernation Estivation Breeding spleen fat bodies RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the fat bodies and their location Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

21. In the stomach food is further broken down by gastric juices and peristalsis until it becomes a liquid substance called chyme. Stomach RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s digestive organs in the abdomen in the order food passes through (pancreas, liver and gallbladder right after stomach)

22. Part 4: Circulatory System: The Heart Write this Question: 6. How does blood circulate through the heart and body to provide oxygen and nutrients?

23. The lungs transport oxygen to the blood as well as remove waste like carbon dioxide through a process called respiration. Lungs RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the chambers of the heart ADD the lungs ADD the mesentary ADD arrows to show the flow of blood to and from the lungs ADD arrows to show the flow of blood to the mesentary and rest of the body and back to the heart

24. RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL an example of arteries, capillaries and veins in the skin Respiration through skin • Hold a flap of skin up to the light and observe the blood vessels that allow respiring

25. Is Your Frog a Girl or a Boy? RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the frog’s oviducts, ovaries and eggs OR SKETCH and LABEL the testes and sperm ducts Female Male ovary/eggs oviduct Functions: transport eggs, add jelly coating Testes Function: Make sperm

26. CLOACA DIGESTIVE EXCRETORY REPRODUCTIVE RESULTS: SKETCH and LABEL the urinary bladder, rectum, and sperm ducts or oviducts emptying into the cloaca

27. DAY THREE: • Removed all of the above organs and placed on an identification paper.

28. DAY FOUR: • skinned hind limb, Achilles tendon, femur, tibiofibula, tarsal, metatarsals, bone marrow, eyes, brain • labeled diagram and completed post lab questions.

29. CUT HERE After making the cut, wave at me. Achilles tendon

30. Lower Skelton of Frog