Anatomical Directions & Movements

1. Anatomical Directions & Movements Sports Medicine I

2. Anatomical Position • In this position, the body is erect with feet together and the palms face forward and the thumbs are pointed away from the body.

3. Anatomical Directions • These are used to explain precisely where one body structure is in relation to another. • These directional terms refers to an individual’s body as if it were in anatomical position, regardless of its actual position.

4. Anatomical Directions • Superior (cranial) • Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; Above

5. Anatomical Directions • Inferior (caudal) • Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; Below

6. Anatomical Directions • Anterior (ventral) • Toward or at the front of the body; In front of

7. Anatomical Directions • Posterior (dorsal) • Toward or at the back of the body; Behind

8. Anatomical Directions • Medial • Toward or at the midline of the body; On the inner side of

9. Anatomical Directions • Lateral • Away from the midline of the body; On the outer side of

10. Anatomical Directions • Proximal • Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

11. Anatomical Directions • Distal • Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

12. Anatomical Directions • Superficial • Toward or at the body surface

13. Anatomical Directions • Deep • Away from the body surface; More internal

14. Joint Movements • There are 3 general types of movements: • Gliding • Angular movements • Rotation

15. Gliding Movements • They are the simplest type of joint movement. • One flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface. • The bones are merely displaced in relation to one another.

16. Gliding Movements

17. Gliding Movements • They occur at the intercarpal (wrist), intertarsal (foot), intervertebral (spine), and sternoclavicular (sternum meets collarbone) joints.

18. Angular Movements • These change (increase or decrease) the angle between 2 bones. • They include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & circumduction.

19. Angular Movements • Flexion • This is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the 2 articulating bones closer together. • Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.

20. Flexion Hip flexion Knee flexion

21. Angular Movements • Extension • This is the reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints. • It involves movement that increases the angle between the articulating bones.

22. Angular Movements • Bending the head backward beyond the upright position is called hyperextension. • In the foot, extension or straightening of the ankle (pointing one’s toes) is referred to as plantar flexion.

23. Angular Movements • Abduction • This is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. • When the term is used to indicate the movement of the fingers or toes, it means spreading them apart.

24. Abduction

25. Angular Movements • Adduction • This is the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb toward the body midline.

26. Angular Movements • Circumduction • This is the movement in which the limb describes a cone in space. • A pitcher winding up to throw a ball is actually circumducting his/her pitching arm.

27. Circumduction

28. Rotation • This is the turning movement of a bone around its own long axis. • It is the only movement allowed between the first 2 cervical vertebrae and is common at the hip and shoulder joints.

29. Rotation

30. Special Movements • Certain movements occur only at specific joints or areas of the body. • Supination & pronation refer only to the movements of the radius around the ulna.

31. Special Movements • Supination is the movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly. • In the anatomical position, the hand is supinated and the radius & ulna are parallel. • In pronation, the palm is moved to a posterior- or inferior-facing position.

32. Supination & Pronation

33. Special Movements • Inversion & eversion refer to special movements of the foot. • In inversion, the sole of the foot is turned medially. • In eversion, the sole faces laterally.

34. Inversion & Eversion

35. Special Movements • Protraction & retraction are nonangular anterior and posterior movements. • The lower jaw is protracted when you jut it out and retracted when it moves posteriorly & returns to its original position.

36. Protraction & Retraction

37. Special Movements • Elevation & depression • Elevation means lifting. • When the elevated part is moved downward to its original position, the movement is called depression.

38. Elevation & Depression