Green Roofs: aesthetic and funtional

1. Green Roofs: aesthetic and funtional Simon Schreier, Department of Plant and Environmental Science

2. The problem: land cover change Aerial view of Clemson University (Google Maps: www.maps.google.com)

3. The problem: storm water runoff Inundated green space, University of Wisconson, Madison

4. The problem: heating and cooling Total energy expenditures, Clemson University (Facilities Department)

5. The solution! Green roofs! Green roofs galore!

6. The benefits • Reduce runoff • Castelon et al. 2010 • Provide habitat • Dvorak and Volder 2010 • Cool and insulate • Carpenter and Kaluvakolanu 2011 Runoff comparison of green and conventional roof Heat flow across green and conventional roofs

7. Approach Consider the roof like a degraded habitat that has cross the abiotic threshold ≈

8. Reference habitat Two approaches • Find natural habitat most similar in structure • Experimentally determine community assemblages on a variety of substrates Compromise Set up a number of test pots using a variety of growth media. Allow some to be colonized naturally, plant others with presumptive successful vegetation

9. Construction • Retrofit roof for waterproofing • Permeable later for drainage • Growth media (~10 cm) • Plants

10. Monitoring Information processing -Real-time analysis -comparison with pre- retrofit data -determine efficiency Remote sensors -soil saturation -water flow -heat flow -Adjustment and maintenance of species composition and physical characteristics

11. Costs Total cost per square foot… $25-$48 Usable roof area, assuming 5% of total campus area is usable… 1,100,000 Cost to green all roofs... $28 to $52 million

12. Benefits • $1 to $2.1 million annual savings • 10% to 20 % overall decrease in energy usage • Unique habitat • Less fragmentation • Runoff management • Less stress on infrastructure

13. Thanks • Dr. Eidson • Dr. David Kavanaugh, California Academy of Sciences • Dr. Melissa Riley • Everyone who trusted me to drive a van

14. References Bogena, H.R., M. Herbst, J.A. Hulsman, U. Rosenbaum, and A Weuthen. "Potential of Wireless Sensor Networks for Measuring Soil Water Content Variability." Vadose Zone Journal. 9.4 (2010): 1002-1013. Print. Carpenter, Donald, and Preethi Kaluvakolanu. "Effect of Roof Surface Type on Storm- Water Runoff from Full-Scale Roofs in a Temperate Climate." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 137.3 (2011): 161-169. Print. Castleton, H.F., V. Stovin, S.B.M. Beck, and J.B. Davison. "Green roofs; building energy savings and the potential for retrofit." Energy and Buildings. 42.10 (2010): 1582-1591. Clemson University. “Energy Consumption and Costs.” Department of University Facilities (2010): Web. 7 Apr 2011. http://www.clemson.edu/facilities/energy-awareness/consumption.html Dvorak, Bruce, and Atrid Volder. "Green roof vegetation for North American ecoregions: A literature review." Landscape and Urban Planning. 96.4 (2010): 197-213. Print. Fioretti, R. , A. Palla, L.G. Lanza, and P. Principi. "Green roof energy and water related performance."Building and Environment. 45.8 (2010): 1890-1904. Print. In-Hea, Kim, Huh Keun-Young, Shin Hyeon-Cheol, and Park Nam-Chang. "Assessment of Plant Growth and Soil Properties of Extensive Green Roof System." Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 28.6 (2010): 1057-1065. Print. Kavanaugh, David. "Introducing rare lepidoptera to the roof." Message to Simon Schreier. April 1, 2011. E-mail. Latz, Karen. "Green Roof Installation." School of Freshwater Sciences. University of Wisconsin, 2005. Web. 7 Apr 2011. <http://www.glwi.freshwater.uwm.edu/research/genomics/ecoli/greenroof/roofinstall.php>. Liang, Han-Hsi, and Kuo-Tsang Huang. "Study on rooftop outdoor thermal environment and slab insulation performance of grass planted roof." International Journal of Physical Sciences. 6.1 (2011): 65-73. Print. Lundholm, Jeremy, Maclvor Scott, Zachary MacDougall, and Ranalli Melissa. "Plant Species and Functional Group Combinations Affect Green Roof Ecosystem Functions." PLoS ONE. 5.3 (2010): no pages given. Print. Maclvor, Scott, and Jeremy Lundholm. "Performance evaluation of native plants suited to extensive green roof conditions in a maritime climate." Ecological Engineering. 37.3 (2011): 407-417. Print. National Research Council. Urban Stormwater Management in the United States. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2008. Print. Oberndorfer, Erica, Jeremy Lundholm, Brad Bass, Reid Coffman, and Hitesh Doshi. "Green roofs as urban ecosystems: Ecological structures, functions, and services." Bioscience. 57.10 (2007): 823-833. Print. Peck, Stephen, and Monica Kuhn. "Design Guidelines for Green Roofs." Ontario Association of Architects (2003): Web. 7 Apr 2011. <http://www.cmhc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146>. Thuring, Christine, Robert Berghage, and David Beattie. "Green Roof Plant Responses to Different Substrate Types and Depths under Various Drought Conditions." HortTechnology. 20.2 (2010): 395-401. Print United States Energy Information Administration.Commercial Buildings Electricity Consumption by End Use. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2007. Print.

15. Questions?