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Civil Rights

Civil Rights. “All Men Are Created Equal”. Results of the Civil War. 13 th Amendment - 1865 Bans Slavery 14 th Amendment - 1868 Citizenship for former slaves “Equal Protection under the Law” 15 th Amendment – 1870 Right to Vote regardless of race Reconstruction – 1865-1877

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Civil Rights

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  1. Civil Rights “All Men Are Created Equal”

  2. Results of the Civil War • 13th Amendment - 1865 • Bans Slavery • 14th Amendment - 1868 • Citizenship for former slaves • “Equal Protection under the Law” • 15th Amendment – 1870 • Right to Vote regardless of race • Reconstruction – 1865-1877 • Union troops enforce laws in the South

  3. Segregation • 1877 Reconstruction ends • Southern whites regained power • Segregation laws required the separation of the races • Jim Crow laws • Black Codes • Every aspect of life was segregated • Discrimination and racism existed in the North as well • In the South it was the LAW

  4. Segregation • Banned interracial marriage • Segregated • Schools • Hospitals • Libraries • Restaurants • Theaters • Beaches • Restrooms • Drinking Fountains • Etc

  5. Ku Klux Klan • American Terrorist Group • Killed thousands of Americans • 1865 formed by Confederate Vets • 6 men in Pulaski, TN, secret club • “The Circle Club” • “kuklos” – Greek for circle • “Grand Cyclops”, “Grand Magi”, (Wizard), etc. • Wore sheets and rode around town on their horses • Began racial intimidation after adding more members

  6. Ku Klux Klan • Resistance to Reconstruction • 1867 – Nathan Bedford Forrest • Imperial Wizard • Until WW I • KKK is primarily in the South • After WW I membership increases to 5 Million • Anti-immigrant, anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic, etc. • Large numbers in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois • Scandals in late 20’s, lose members

  7. Ku Klux Klan • By 1930’s back to the South • After WW II – Civil Rights • Increase in violence • Today • Portrays itself as a religious organization • less than 10,000 official members • Aligned with neo-Nazi and other supremacist groups • Actively uses the internet to recruit • Anti-Government

  8. Plessy v Ferguson 1896 • Homer Plessy – 1/8th black • Planned act of Civil Disobedience • Challenge Louisiana Law segregated railroad cars • Law upheld by Louisiana court • Appealed ruling to US Supreme Court • 14th Amendment • Appeal based on “Equal Protection Clause”

  9. Plessy v Ferguson • US Supreme Court upheld law 7-1 • “Separate but Equal” will be the law for next 50+ yrs

  10. Famous Black Americans • Louis Armstrong • Joe Louis • Jesse Owens

  11. Segregated Baseball • 1885-1951 Negro Leagues • Judge Kennesaw “Mountain” Landis • 1st MLB Commissioner 1920-1944 • Established “Color Barrier” • Teams - Homestead Grays, Cleveland Buckeyes, Kansas City Monarchs • Famous Players • “Cool Papa” Bell, Josh Gibson, Satchel Paige • Hank Aaron, Willie Mays, Ernie Banks

  12. Segregated Baseball • Branch Rickey • Owned Brooklyn Dodgers • Determined to integrate MLB • Scouts identify 3 players • Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe, Jackie Robinson • Aug 1945 – Rickey signs Robinson

  13. Jackie Robinson • Grew up in Pasadena, CA • Older brother Mack won silver medal at 1936 Olympics • UCLA Star Athlete • Baseball, Football, Basketball, Track • Court -Martialed • for refusing to move to the back of the bus at Fort Hood • 1945 Signs with Dodgers, plays in minors • 1947 Brooklyn Dodger 2B

  14. Jackie Robinson • Opposition • Mutiny from some teammates • St. Louis threatened to strike • Racial insults from players, fans, etc. • Befriended by SS Pee Wee Reese • 1947 Rookie of the Year • 1949 MVP, All Star • 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 World Series • Traded to Giants in 1956 – retired • Hall of Fame 1962, died at 53

  15. After Jackie Robinson • 1946 Dodgers sign Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe • 1947 Indians Bill Veeck signs Larry Doby • 1st black player in American League • 1948 Indians sign Satchel Paige • 42 yr old Rookie • Win World Series • 1965 KC A’s –59 yrs old • Pitched 3 shutout innings • 1948 Truman integrates the military

  16. Early Civil Rights Leaders • Booker T. Washington • Education would lead to equality • Tuskeegee Institute • George Washington Carver • W.E.B. DuBois • NAACP • Changing laws will lead to equality • Which path is the right one?

  17. NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1909 • W.E.B. DuBois among the founders • Dedicated to equal rights • Tactics • Protests • Lawsuits • Looking for a case to overturn Plessy v Ferguson

  18. Brown v Board of Education • NAACP brings case • Supreme Court combined 5 cases • Brown Case (Kansas) 1951 • Linda Brown, 3rd Grade • Couldn’t go to school closest her house because it was for whites only • Briggs v Elliot (SC) 1951 • Started over a bus in Clarendon County • Resulted in challenge to segregated schools

  19. Doll Experiments • Kenneth and Mamie Clark, psychologists • Used Doll Experiments to prove segregation hurt kids

  20. Brown v Board of Education • SC lawyer John W. Davis • 1924 Dem Presidential Candidate • Congressman, Ambassador • Argued 140 cases before Supreme Court • NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall • Won 29 of 32 Supreme Court Cases • 1967 Appointed to Supreme Court

  21. Brown v Board of Education • 1952 Case argued before Court • 1953 Chief Justice Fred Vinson Dies • Eisenhower appoints replacement • Appoints Earl Warren • Case Argued Again!

  22. Brown v Board of Ed • Chief Justice Earl Warren • Governor of California • Helped Ike win election • Supported relocation of Japanese-Americans • Ike thought he supported Segregation • One of Greatest Judges in US History • Miranda v Arizona, Gideon v Wainwright, Loving v VA • Ike called appointment • “The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made”

  23. Ruling • 1954 Warren convinces justices that it is time for Court to do the right thing • Rules 9-0 that segregation was unconstitutional • “Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does...”

  24. Brown Ruling • “We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.”

  25. Results • Virginia closed all public schools • Violent Opposition to integration throughout South • Brown ruling will have to be enforced by force

  26. Emmitt Till • 1955 14 yr old from Illinois • Murdered in Mississippi • He flirted with a white woman • Beaten, shot in head, mutilated and dumped in a river • 2 white men arrested • All male/white jury • 1 hr Not Guilty

  27. Emmitt Till • Mother insisted on open casket • Photo published • Key event in Civil Rights Movement for Black Northerners • Segregation doesn’t just hurt African Americans living in the South, anyone can be a victim

  28. Montgomery, AL • Dexter Avenue Baptist Church • Rev. Vernon Johns 1947-1952 • Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1954-1960 • First Baptist Church • Rev. Ralph Abernathy 1952-1961 • Montgomery NAACP • President - E.D. Nixon • Secretary – Rosa Parks • NAACP wanted a case to test the segregated bus law

  29. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Civil Disobedience – refuse to give up your seat • March 1955 Claudette Colvin • Arrested • 15 yr old unwed teenage mother • Dec 1955 Rosa Parks • Arrested • 42 yr old Department store clerk • NAACP secretary • What’s the difference? • 3 Days after her arrest the Bus Boycott begins

  30. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Organized by King, Abernathy, Nixon, etc. • Demand end to segregated buses • Black citizens boycott the buses • How did they get to work? • White Citizens Council • Organized against them • Violence and arrests • King, Abernathy and Nixon’s houses bombed • King arrested for drunk walking • 4 churches firebombed

  31. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Boycott lasts over 1 yr • Bus company on verge of bankruptcy • US Supreme Court ruled in Nov 1956 that segregated local buses are unconstitutional • Montgomery changes the law in December • Dec 21, 1956 Rosa Parks rides the bus and sits wherever she wants!

  32. Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta • Father – Martin Luther King, Sr. • Minister of Ebenezer 1931-1975 • Mother – Alberta King • Her father was minister of Ebenezer before her husband • MLK Jr. was minister there 1960-68 • She was murdered there in 1974 • Why did churches play a key role in Civil Rights • Why were most of the leaders ministers?

  33. Dr. MLK Jr. 1929-1968 • Education – DR. KING • 1948 Morehouse College • Bachelors degree at 19 • Started at 15 yrs old, • 1951 Crozier Seminary • Divinity degree • 1953 Married Coretta Scott • 1954 Pastor of Dexter Avenue at age 25 • 1955 Boston College – Doctorate degree

  34. Dr. MLK Jr. 1929-1968 • Beliefs • Civil Disobedience • 1849 Henry David Thoreau • Pacifist • Religious upbringing • Mohandas Gandhi • Believed Equality could be achieved in America

  35. SCLC • Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Founded after Bus Boycott by King, Abernathy, etc. • Involved in major Civil Rights events • Organized March on Washington 1963 • Led by King until 1968 • Abernathy took over • MLK III • Today Bernice King

  36. MLK Strategy 1. Investigate 2. Negotiate 3. Publicize 4. Action

  37. Little Rock, Arkansas • 1957 - Local School Board decides to integrate • 9 Black students chosen to integrate Central High • Ernest Green the only senior • They are known as the “Little Rock 9”

  38. Little Rock 9 • 1st Day of School – Angry crowd surrounds school • Many from out of state • Threaten to lynch students • Police safely get students out

  39. Little Rock 9 • Governor OrvalFaubus • Opposed to integration • Orders the National Guard to keep students out of school • President Eisenhower • Ordered Faubus to uphold the SC ruling • Faubus pulled out Guard leaving no security

  40. Little Rock 9 • Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas Natl Guard • Ike sent in the 101st Airborne • If Eisenhower opposed Brown, why did he enforce it?

  41. Little Rock 9 • 101st guarded students the whole year • Minnijean Brown expelled • “1 down, 8 to go” • America watched on TV • Ernest Green graduated • Worked for President Carter • Little Rock’s high schools closed the next year • The “Little Rock 9” attended Pres. Obama’s inauguration in 2009

  42. Ruby Bridges • 1960- New Orleans – NAACP recruits families to integrate elementary schools • 6 children selected • 1 showed up • Ruby Bridges – 6 yrs old

  43. Ruby Bridges • Parents withdrew all the white children from her class • Only 1 teacher was willing to teach her • Barbara Henry from Boston • Ruby sat in a class all by herself • Ate lunch in the classroom by herself • All year long

  44. Ruby Bridges • Everyday US Marshals walked her into the school • Protesters had a black doll in a coffin • One woman showed up everyday and threatened to poison her • Her father was fired from his job • Her grandparents were evicted • She now volunteers at the school

  45. JFK –The New President • Election of 1960 • John F. Kennedy – Democrat • Richard Nixon – Republicans • Nixon • Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock • Nixon was Ike’s VP • Jackie Robinson endorsed him • JFK • Supported Civil Rights • Got Dr. King out of jail

  46. James Meredith • 1962 James Meredith admitted to University of Miss. • Because of NAACP lawsuit • “Ole Miss” • Blocked by Governor Ross Barnett • “No school in our state will be integrated while I am your Governor” • Robert Kennedy – Attorney General • Orders US Marshals to protect Meredith • 28 Marshals wounded • JFK order in US Army, 40+ wounded

  47. James Meredith • Soldiers will guard him at the college • Graduated in 1963 • Shot in 1967 during a Civil Rights march • Later worked for Senator Jesse Helms • A Racist • Opposed MLK holiday • ????

  48. “Stand in the School House Door” • 1963 University of Alabama • Governor George Wallace • Blocks door to prevent the admission of 2 students • Promises ““Segregation now, segregation tomorrow and segregation forever“ • JFK nationalizes Alabama National Guard • Wallace ordered to move by Nicholas Katzenbach • Moved when ordered by General

  49. George Wallace • Wallace will become the most famous segregationist in the country • Runs for President 1964, 68, 72, 76 • 1968 runs for President as Independent • Wins 13.5% of vote • Wins 5 states, 46 Electoral votes • 12% in Ohio • Shot while running in 1972 • Paralyzed but lived

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