Antecedent = A term (word, phrase, idea) that precedes another term (word, phrase, idea).

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2. Antecedent = A term (word, phrase, idea) that precedes another term (word, phrase, idea). • Referent = A term (word, phrase, idea) that refers to another term (word, phrase, idea). 08 !Quien pretenda no aprender de los errores, pues que no los cometa!

3. Personal Pronouns / Adjectives Whoopie Goldberg … Governments face extreme poverty They face itevery year Our governmentfacesextreme poverty and social exclusion Itfacesthem every year The government’s responsibility is alsoour responsibility Authorities? Theirresponsibility is theirs, but it is alsoours She … The comedian …

4. 1.- Education has to be bettered to fight social exclusion. Observers believe it. 2.- There are controversial social policies. And theyhave emerged in Latin American countries. 3.- The president talked about social inequality. Hereflected on it bitterly. Some believe it is all part of the natural order of things. 4.- What is the roll of the woman? Sometimes, she is the main victim of poverty. 5.- Poverty is a challenge for Latin American governments. They have failed in reaching the disadvantaged class. 6.- Sexual exploitation is a human rights violation and it must be eradicated.

5. Burden = a heavy load … Nobody wants to become a burden! Carry = To support the weight of X … Never carry too much money on you! Fail = not succeed … Did she fail in the test? She didn’t! Foster = To promote, to nurture … The government must foster people’s well being! Care = attention … Fragile : handle with care! Health = condition of a person’s body/mind … Delicate health? Health care = medical care … What are the costs of health care? Inhabitant = a person who lives in a particular place … A city of 12000 inhabitants? Income = money from work … Tourism is a major source of income on islands! Murder = homicide … Mass murder? Unbelievable!

6. OFFENDER Offender = person who commits an illegal act … A juvenile offender? What a pity! Outcast = not accepted … A social outcast? Unfair! Poor = not having enough money for basic needs … Collect food for the poor? Good! Poverty = poor quality … Many old people live in poverty! Amazing! Remark = comment, observation … The president’s remarks? Unbelievable! Scholar = an academic expert, a man of letters… Was Einstein a scholar? Of Course! Speech = formal talk … A speech on human rights? Excellent! Target = objective … Their target is to raise $20,000 for cancer research! Great! The former = the first, ex, old … The former case? Highlighted! latter = the second … They presented two solutions. The latter seems much better Tie = relationship … The ties of friendship? Vital!

7. Complete withunderlinedwords: For a next event? Choose your words with ____________________________! No racist ____________________________ in your speech, please! To talk about ____________________________ statistics? If necessary! Please, don’t lose the power of ____________________________! Campus The ____________________________ of writing a new speech? You know how to handle it! Examine the ____________________________ that students form on campus! Your aim is to ____________________________ relations within the community! Do not ____________________________ in your attempt to persuade the audience, please! Will your speech ____________________________ the ring of authority? Students are not young ____________________________s. They are just young learners! They are not ____________________________s either. They all belong to the campus!

8. TARGET I know most of them are ____________________________ people! The campus is capable of fulfilling the requirements of its ____________________________ ! Ours is an Institution for research on ____________________________ ! Of course, annual ____________________________ is counted in determining whether a family is poor. But, there is considerable disagreement on the best way to incorporate _______________________ in a measure of poverty! The university will reach its ____________________________ of 5000 students next year!

9. WHAT DO THE UNDERLINED WORDS MAKE REFERENCE TO IN THE TEXT? Extreme poverty, social exclusion and family disintegration are just a few challenges any government will have to face in Latin American countries, social scientists said in their last visit. They made the remark during a speech at a two-day forum. According to the speakers, children and women have been the main victims of poverty and social exclusion. The former are always subject to sexual exploitation and hard work, while the latter have to carry the burden of raising a family on their own. “It is a tragic situation the fact that 60 percent of Latin American infants live in extreme poverty …. Rural women have no access to education because they are poor, and live in poverty because they can’t find a job and do not have an acceptable income,” the social scientists said. “Around 56 percent of the work force has joined the informal sector. In sociological terms, Latin America is going through a stage of ‘epidemic crime’, which is determined by a rate of 20 murders per 100,000 inhabitants per year,” they said. The social scientists added that the only way to fight poverty and social exclusion is by fostering a better educative system accessible to all citizens, and by developing, at the same time, programs aimed at strengthening their family ties and ethic values. For his part, Dr Perez, a scholar at the Institute of Graduate Studies in Administration, said that despite the economic reform program, the government’s administration has failed in reaching the disadvantaged class with its social programs. “We have found that only 52 percent of the target population are receiving any benefits from these programs; the rest of them get none and are socially outcast as they can’t even receive minimum health care as the social security system is completely collapsed,” he said.

10. Often, social exclusion is also related to crime. Many offenders have experienced poverty or lack of family support, and we know that many prisoners have poor education, housing problems, little job experience, and may have alcohol, drugs and mental health problems. If we want to understand how crime happens, why these people end up in prison and how we can break the cycle of re-offending, we need to look at the range and extent of those problems. Social exclusion suggests that some people can be “left out” of certain parts of society because they are excluded from participating as they would like to. You may not be socially excluded just because you didn’t make the football team, but when multiple problems come together it can be very difficult to make choices and find opportunities. This may seem like a simple concept, but the definition of what “socially excluded” actually means is often contested. WRITE TRUE OR FALSE: 1.- Observers believe that education has to be bettered to fight social exclusion ( ) 2.- Misguided social policies have not emerged in Latin American countries ( ) 3.- Dr Perez thinks social inequality is all part of the natural order of things ( ) 4.- Unfortunately, women and children are the poverty main victims ( ) 5.- Poverty is a challenge for Latin American governments ( ) 6.- Sexual exploitation is a human rights violation and it must be eradicated ( )