Cities grew outward in circles as modes of transportation became more accessible.

2. Cities grew outward in circles as modes of transportation became more accessible. Cities also grew around factories and tenant housing due to large numbers of immigrants Better building materials also influenced city growth However cities were also places of filth, crime and disease

3. Chicago’s “El” train

9. First Immigrants • The first, or “Old” immigrants are thosethat came to this country prior to 1880. • They were from Scandinavian countries, and did have some command of the English language. Therefore these people assimilated or fit in easily.

11. Immigration to America • Many EEJ’s came to the U.S. for many reasons • Pogroms and anti Semitism drove millions of Eastern European Jews from Russia and other countries to America. • In the early 1900s the threat of World War I brought many millions of Italians to the U.S. • Others who were down on their luck came for job opportunities as well as freedom.

13. ARRIVING AT ELLIS ISLAND • Most of the new immigrants came through Ellis Island • Have $25 • Be free of lice and TB • Be at least 16 or be with parents if younger than 16 • Couldn’t be a criminal

22. Jane Addams • Founder of the “Hull House” Jane Addams tried to lend a helping hand to those who were less fortunate. • The Hull House offered • Day care • Sewing and cooking classes for girls • Boys club activities for boys • Kindergarten • Showers and hot meals • She went to Europe after WW1 to assist with those who needed homes or food. • Went on to share the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

23. Electricity • Electricity became the new power of the age. Electricity also had a profound impact on other industries. • Factories • Transportation • Communications

24. Telegraph • Samuel F.B. Morse is the man behind the telegraph as well as the system of communication used with the telegraph, known as Morse Code.

25. Telephone • Scottish immigrant Alexander G. Bell patented his telephone in 1876. • 1878 50k in use • 1887 1st long distance call NY-Phil. • 1890 800k in use • 1900 1.5 million

26. The Wizard of Menlo Park • Thomas Edison is credited with over 1000 patents and inventions, but it’s the following • Incandescent bulb • Phonograph (record player) • Microphone • Movie Camera • Electric voting machine That gave him his notoriety.

27. Andrew Carnegie • Carnegie made millions in the steel industry by what became known as vertical integrationinother words, owning every step in the manufacturing of steel products

28. Steel industry prior to integration Costs: Paying miners $1000 Mesabi range Iron Ore Carnegie had to set prices for steel products to cover his costs and to make profits. Costs: Paying shipping $600 Buyers of Carnegie Steel products Carnegie Steel Mill $2500 +- Costs: Paying steel workers to make steel products $500

29. Vertical Integration • By owning every step in the making of steel products, Andrew Carnegie “vertically integrated” himself in the steel industry. • Carnegie bought 1000’s of acres of the Mesabi range in Minnesota, he bought railroad lines to his steel plants, and he purchased other lines that went to consumers of steel products.

30. Carnegie after integration By vertically integrating the industry Carnegie was able to make steel products for less, and sell them for about the same as his competitors. He would then buy them out of business and by this practice, Carnegie was able to eliminate his competition, and if he desired, could raise the prices for steel products since he was the only provider of steel products. With his huge profits, Carnegie put the money back into his steel mills by adding the latest technology, chemists, and metallurgists, and accountants that enabled him to make the best steel products. Mesabi range Cost: $500 Cost: $150 Carnegie Steel Mill Cost: $500 Cost: $150 Consumers of Of Carnegies Steel Products $2500 or maybe even less

31. I’m buying everyone of my competitors out of business, and I’m LUUUVING it!!!! $ $ $ Even though big business men like Carnegie and Rockefeller made billions, they also gave away hundreds of millions to charity and to other causes. This is what is known asphilanthropy

32. John D. Rockefeller • Rockefeller made hundreds of millions of dollars in the oil industry. • His billion dollar corporation was known as Standard Oil • In a similar fashion to Carnegie, Rockefeller “horizontally integrated” himself in the oil business.

33. HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION • This is where one buys up business in the same industry. • Rather than owning all the steps in making oil and oil products, Rockefeller simply bought competitors in his industry after first underselling them to the point to where they couldn’t compete with Standard Oil. • This effectively eliminated his competition, and allowed him to then raise his prices as high as he wanted.

34. “Looks great, I’ll take them!! Independent oil refineries purchased so as to eliminate competition. Horizontal Integration is the purchase of many smaller enterprises in the field of oil and creating a giant super company.

37. I don’t care if I look like a scarecrow, I’m one rich dude, maybe I can get a lip transplant?!?!

38. Meat Industry • Gustavus Swift made use of ice and railroad cars and later refrigerated railroad cars to ship sides of beef from Chicago slaughter houses to the east coast. • He then opened several butcher shops on the east coast to compete with local butchers. • Swift was able to undersell the competition because he didn’t pay shipping.

39. Phillip Aurmour made millions as he perfected the “disassembly line” for hogs. • Hogs went in at one end of the factory under their own power, and came out in tin cans at the other end of the factory. • This process of canning pigs gave consumers a full line of ready to eat pork products in a variety of cuts.

40. AURMOUR MEATS Hogs went in at one end of the factory under their own power, and came out in tin cans at the other end of the factory.

41. H. J. Heinz • Henry John Heinz discovered a way of preserving food similar to home canning. His idea skipped all of the tedious work of home canning. • He also went on to establish catsup, steak sauces, relish and other widely used condiments.

42. Henry Ford In the 1900’s Henry Ford made the automobile affordable to the average man through his “assembly line” tactics. By having his factory workers perform routine monotonous tasks, and perfecting the idea of “interchangeable parts” Ford was able to produce cars by the thousands. This mass production of one model of car, the MODEL “T” helped in lowering the cost to where they were more affordable.