Development of Performance Properties of Ternary Mixes

1. Development of Performance Properties of Ternary Mixes

2. Phase I: Laboratory Study of Mortars Task 1-1: Past Ternary Work Task 1-2: Selection of Materials Task 1-3: Materials Characterization Task 1-4: Benchmarking Properties Task 1-5: Evaluation of Ternary Performance

3. Past Work in Ternary Blends Large quantity of work done in binary combinations Large datasets created 1970�s USBR 1980�s UT Austin and CANMET & Several DOTs 1990�s U. of Toronto, SHRP, NCHRP ACI 232, 233, 234 summarize this work Ternary e.g. Tikalsky et al. with PennDOT/FHWA 2001-2005 Iowa DOT field work Canadian work 2007

4. Strength Effects of Pozzolans Long Term Strength Nearly all commercial pozzolans Higher 1-3 day strengths (also potential for better cold weather performance) Silica Fume and Calcined Kaolinite Grade 120 slag in ambient to hot weather Selected Class C fly ash

5. Permeability Excellent long term reduction in permeability or chloride intrusion Fly ash at >25% GGBFS at >35% Silica fume at >3% Calcined Kaolin at >5% Excellent early age reduction Silica fume and calcined kaolin

6. Freeze-Thaw resistance If the appropriate air system exists we should expect long term F-T performance

7. Cold weather concrete Temperature of concrete at placement is VERY important Silica fume and grade 120 slag should be expected to perform well Grade 100 slag and Class C fly ash should be expected to be sluggish Class F fly ash will need external heat

8. Hot weather concrete Excellent heat reduction Class F fly ash at +25% Class C fly ash at +30% Slag at +40% Natural pozzolans Moderate heat reduction Lower amounts of slag and fly ash

9. Sulfate Attack Excellent abatement Class F fly ash and Lignitic fly ash GGBFS +35% Mitigation Silica Fume and Calcined Kaolin Generally Detrimental Class C fly ash

10. Alkali Silica Reaction Excellent abatement Class F fly ash 20-30% GGBFS 30-50% Calcined kaolinite Mitigation Silica Fume Low amounts of fly ash and GGBFS Marginal or Detrimental Class C fly ash less than 30%

11. Overview Materials Considered Selected Sources Characterization XRF XRD Pozzolanic index Laser Particle Size Analysis

12. Materials Considered Class C fly ash (high calcium) Class F fly ash (moderate calcium) Class F fly ash (low calcium) Class N metakaolin Grade 100 slag Grade 120 slag Silica fume Type I PC Type IP PC Type IS PC Type IPM PC Did not use beneficiated fly ash or grade 80 slagDid not use beneficiated fly ash or grade 80 slag

13. Portland Cements Selected Type I Type I/II Type IPM Type IP Type ISM Ternary

14. Supplementary Cementitious Materials Selected Class C fly ash (high calcium) (Port Neal) Class F fly ash (mod. calcium) (Coal Creek) Class F fly ash (low calcium) (Cayuga) Class N metakaolin (BASF) Grade 100 slag (Holcim) Grade 120 slag (LaFarge) Silica fume (Elkem) The following tests will be completed on each concrete mixture. Tests 1-4 will be completed at different temperatures.The following tests will be completed on each concrete mixture. Tests 1-4 will be completed at different temperatures.

15. Material Characterization XRF was used to determine elemental information for classification of FA, PC, etc. XRD was used to determine structure of the material Will be used to estimate the glass content of the pozzolans

16. XRF Results for Portland Cements

17. XRF Results for Fly Ashes

18. XRF Results for GGBFS

19. XRF Results for Silica Fume and Metakaolin

20. XRD Results (Type I PC)

31. Hydration Characterization

32. Heat of Binary Cements & Controls

33. Pozzolanic Index

34. Silica Fume vs. Portland Cement

35. Fineness, Laser Diffraction