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Planting Systems - An Agronomists View?

Planting Systems - An Agronomists View?. Alternate Row Spacings. Narrow row and alternate row configurations have been of studied as a means to improve yields by improving light and water use efficiencies. Karlen et al., (1985) reported 5 to 10% yield increase from narrow rows over 38 in rows.

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Planting Systems - An Agronomists View?

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  1. Planting Systems - An Agronomists View?

  2. Alternate Row Spacings • Narrow row and alternate row configurations have been of studied as a means to improve yields by improving light and water use efficiencies. • Karlen et al., (1985) reported 5 to 10% yield increase from narrow rows over 38 in rows. • Paszkiewicz (2002) summarized a series of narrow row studies throughout the corn belt and found: • Yield response to narrow rows ranged from -1.6 to 7.6% compared to 30 in rows. • Widdicombe and Thelen (2002) reported • 30 to 22 in = 2% yield increase • 30 to 15 in = 4% yield increase

  3. Light Interception • Paszkiewicz (2002) – • Yield responses were more likely to occur in NW corn belt compared to other regions of the corn belt. • Attributed advantages to increased light interception in light limiting environments. • Andrade et al. (2002) – • Clearly illustrated that yield increases occur in narrow rows in response increased light interception

  4. Narrow Row Corn Study • Years - 1996, 1997, 1998 • Row spacings - 15, 20 and 30 inch • Plant populations - 20-, 26-, 32-, and 36,000 plants/a • Locations - Scandia (irrigated), St. John (irrigated) & Belleville (dryland)

  5. Belleville 1996 - Dryland LSD(0.05) = 9.4

  6. Belleville 1997 - Dryland LSD(0.05) = 9.4

  7. Scandia 1996 & 97- Irrigated LSD(0.05) = 12.2

  8. Narrow Row Corn Summary (96-98)Six irrigated site-years and three dryland site-years Irrigated Dryland Row Yield Diff* Yield Diff* Spacing (in) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) 15 188.7 13.4 108.3 -5.4 20 185.0 9.7 106.0 -7.7 30 175.2 --- 113.8 --- * Difference compared to 30” rows

  9. Corn Population Summary (96-98)Six irrigated site-years and three dryland site-years Plant Irrigated Dryland Population Yield Diff* Yield Diff* (plt/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) 20,000 166.4 --- 103.7 --- 26,000 184.0 17.6 107.5 3.7 32,000 189.8 23.4 111.8 8.0 36,000 193.7 27.3 114.6 10.9 * Difference compared to 20,000 rows

  10. Paired Row Corn • Believed to have the same light interception characteristics of narrow row corn (~22 in). • Can be harvested with conventional corn head.

  11. Paired Row Corn - Drills • Plant paired row corn with fluted feed or air seeders. • Hope that skips in adjacent rows will compensate for each other. • Seeding depth control and seed placement?

  12. Paired Row Corn - Drill • Near McPherson in 1998 • Irrigated - Center Pivot • Planted with air seeder • Yield were adjusted for harvest loss.

  13. Irrigated Corn 1998

  14. Paired Row Corn StudyAlexander, KS 2000 • John Deere 1760 Row Crop Planter & 1860 Air Seeder • Two corn hybrids • Target Plant Populations - • Planter 19,500 & 21,000 seed/a (hybrid specific) • Air Seeder 25,500, 32,500 and 39,000 seed/a • Measured emergence, plant spacing, seeding depth and yield.

  15. Corn - Paired Row Alexander, KS 2000

  16. Corn - Paired Row Alexander, KS 2000

  17. Materials and Methods • Three planting patterns: • 30 in, 20 in, and paired row • Six Location-Years: • Manhattan (dryland) 2001 • Manhattan (dryland) 2002 • Powhattan (dryland) 2002 • Belleville (dryland) 2002 • Rossville (irrigated) 2001 • Topeka (irrigated) 2002 • Previous Crop • Soybeans • All location-years • Except Manhattan 2001 • Corn

  18. Materials and Methods • Two plant populations: • Dryland: 24,000 and 28,000 plants/a • Irrigated: 26,000 and 30,000 plants/a • Hybrids used: Pioneer ‘34K77’ (2001) & Pioneer ‘35P12’ • Yield and yield components were measured. • Grain yield • Ears/Plant • Ears/a • Kernel weight

  19. Paired Row Corn - Planter • Two locations: • Manhattan (dryland) • Rossville (irrigated) • Two plant populations: • Manhattan: 24,000 and 28,000 • Rossville: 26,000 and 30,000 • Three planting patterns: • 30 in, 20 in, and paired row

  20. Analysis of Variance – 2001Grain Yield

  21. Analysis of Variance – 2002Grain Yield

  22. Republic 2002 † means followed by the same letter in the same column are not different at α=0.05

  23. Analysis of Variance – 2003Grain Yield

  24. Analysis of Variance – 2004Grain Yield

  25. Corn - Paired Row - 2004 Shawnee Shawnee

  26. Paired Row Corn • Narrow rows showed and advantage in high yielding environments in the late 1990s. Narrow rows reduced yields significantly when an extended period of early season water stress was encountered. • Establishing consistent stands with and air seeder or fluted feed grain drill in paired rows can be challenging. • Paired rows may have canopy characteristics similar to 20 or 22 in rows, but the advantage of these row spacings were not realized in this study. • If adequate stands can be established in paired rows (non air seeder or fluted feed systems) yields will likely be similar to 30 in rows planted with a planter under most dryland situations in Kansas.

  27. Questions?

  28. Paired Row Corn2001 Plant population treatments did not significantly affect yields.

  29. Corn Yield Loss from Plant Spacing Variability 10.6 6.6 3.2 0.8 Vanderlip et al., 1988

  30. Planter Speed Yield

  31. Finger Pick-Up Test • Use a Kinze Test Stand (Model 3000) • Ran two new meters at : 40 – 100 rpm • Converted to mph at 3 seeding rates • Medium Round Corn Seed • Meter calculates Accuracy, Skips and Multiples.

  32. Finger Pick-Up Test

  33. Managing Plant Spacing • Select the correct hybrid for your conditions • Plant it at the right time (late April-Early May) • Plant the correct population – speed influence • Maintain your planter and adjust it correctly

  34. Finger Pick-Up Test

  35. Finger Pick-Up Test

  36. Planter Speed Study • Corn Seeding Rates: 23,525 & 27,330 seed/acre • Planter Speeds: 5, 8 and 11 mph • Four row plots • Measured grain yield and plant spacings

  37. Planter Speed - Corn 2000Multiple Index

  38. Planter Speed - Corn 2000Miss Index

  39. Planter Speed - Corn 2000Quality of Feed Index

  40. Planter Speed - Corn 2000 Precision Index

  41. Conclusions • Plant variability can result in 10% yield losses under extreme conditions. • Skips and doubles increase as planter speed increases, but skips reduce yields, but doubles increase yields if no barrenness occurs. • Final plant population should be the first goal and then worry about plant spacing uniformity. • Few improvements are likely to be gained when using a new or well maintained planter operated at 4 to 7 mph.

  42. Experimental Design • Planter-Row Spacing • Drill 7.5”, 15” and 30” (low pop only) • Planter 15” and 30” • Three populations (160, 190 and 210,000) • Replicated three times (39 plots) • Planted 30 foot strips about 1000 feet long • Squared plots to about 900 feet long and harvested the center 20 feet • Yield monitor and weigh wagon

  43. Soybean 2000 Drill Planter

  44. Soybean 2000 Drill Planter

  45. Conclusions • When yields are extremely low, row spacing and plant population have little effect on soybean yields • Soybeans planted with planter units had greater establishment rates (plants/seed drop) than soybeans planted with a drill.

  46. K STATE Research and Extension “Knowledge Life” for

  47. Planter Speed Topeka 2001 Expressed as % of final stand as determined on 6/20

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