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Bones

Bones. Dr. Sama ul Haque. Objectives. Define Skeleton. Differentiate between Axial and Appendicular skeleton. Define bones with their constituents. Enumerate their functions. Define Cartilage. Discuss different types of cartilage with examples. Classify the bones on the following basis.

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Bones

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  1. Bones Dr. Sama ul Haque

  2. Objectives • Define Skeleton. • Differentiate between Axial and Appendicular skeleton. • Define bones with their constituents. • Enumerate their functions. • Define Cartilage. • Discuss different types of cartilage with examples. • Classify the bones on the following basis. 1. Histological or Microscopically 2. Gross Appearance or Macroscopically

  3. Objectives • Define Ossification and its types. • Describe developing parts of a typical long bone. • Give the arterial supply of a Mature long Bone. • What are different types of bone break. • Define terms used for describing Bony features.

  4. Axial Skeleton These bones lie around the longitudinal axis of the body. • Skull (cranium and facial bones) • Vertebral column (vertebrae and discs) • Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Function: Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and thorax.

  5. Appendicular skeleton • Pectoral or Shoulder girdle (clavicles and scapulae) • Upper limbs (arms) • Pelvic girdle (Hip bones, sacrum, coccyx) • Lower limbs (legs) Function: • Voluntary movements • Protection of delicate Structures

  6. Composition of Bones • Collagen: chief organic constituent (protein) • Inorganic Calcium Salts: Vitamin D essential for absorption

  7. A Chemical Analysis of Bone

  8. Cells • Osteoblasts: bone building, bone repairing cells in the periosteum and synthesize new matrix (Osteogenesis) • Osteocytes: osteoblast embedded within the bone matrix (mature bone cells) • Osteoclasts: cells that cause absorption of bone or dissolve bone matrix (Osteolysis)

  9. Periosteum • Dense, fibrous membrane covering bone • Contains blood vessels • Essential for bone cell survival and bone formation Endosteum

  10. Functions of Bones • Shape • Support • Protection => Skull => Thoracic cage => Vertebral Column

  11. Functions of Bones • Movement => Muscles => Tendons => Ligaments • Locomotion: To provide a lever system against which muscles can pull. • Weight Transmission

  12. Functions of Bones • Mineral Storage => Calcium => Phosphate => Results in maintaining Electrolyte balance • Helps in Respiration

  13. Functions of Bones Blood cell formation • Red Bone Marrow  Red gelatinous mass consisting of Haemopoietic tissue > Ends of long bones > Bodies of vertebrae > Sternum > Flat bones of skull

  14. Cartilage • Type of Dense connective tissue ( Cells and fibers) • Perichondrium ( Fibro-vasculo-cellular membrane) • Cells = Characterized by Rigid with flexibility and Resilience. • Avascular • Nerves and lymphatics are absent • Cells (Chondroblasts and chondrocytes) • Matrix => Connective tissue fibers (Collagen, Elastin)

  15. Types of cartilage: 3 • Hyaline cartilage: flexible and resilient • Elastic cartilage: highly bendable • Fibrocartilage: resists compression and tension

  16. Hyaline Cartilage • Hyaline (Glass) • Commonest form • Bluish white, translucent and homogenous in appearance with collagen fibers => Articular cartilage => Costal cartilage => Tracheal cartilage  Ossifies to form bone in young age

  17. Elastic Cartilage • Yellow; Elastin fibers • More elastic than hyaline • Sites => Pinna of the ear => Epiglottis  Never ossifies

  18. Fibro-cartilage • White, Opaque with collagen fibers • Sites => Intervertebral disc => Intra articular disc => Menisci  Ossifies in old age

  19. Classification of bones • Histological or Microscopically • Gross Appearance or Macroscopically

  20. Histological or Microscopically Compact and Spongy Bone

  21. Compact and Spongy Bone

  22. Classification of Bones According to Shape • Long Bones • Short Bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones • Sesamoid Bones

  23. Developing parts of a typical long bone

  24. Long Bones • Epiphysis (Spongy): Covered with Hyaline cartilage. • Diaphysis (Compact): Covered with Periosteum. Medullary cavitywith yellow and red marrow. Examples: • Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Clavicle.

  25. Miniature Long Bones • Only one Epiphysis: Examples: • Metacarpals • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  26. Short Bones • Cube-shaped • Allows flexible movement • Spongy bone covered by Compact bone Examples: • Carpals & Tarsals,

  27. Flat Bones • Flat Plates • Protect Vital Organs Examples: • Bones of Vault of Skull • Ribs • Scapula • Sternum

  28. Flat bones

  29. Irregular Bones • Peculiarly Shaped to provide Support and Protection with Flexibility. Examples: • Vertebrae • Hip bone • Bones of base of Skull.

  30. Sesamoid Bones • Periosteum absent. • Ossify after birth. Functions: • Resist pressure • Reduce friction Examples: • Patella • Pisiform • Fabella

  31. Ossification OR Osteogenesis

  32. CLASSIFICATION of BONESAccording to development: 1. Membranous = starts as fibrous membrane, calcium gradually deposited until structure becomes ossified  intramembranous ossification e.g.: bones of the skull, mandible 2. Cartilagenous = starts as cartilage, gradually ossified enchondral or intracartilagenous ossification. e.g.: long bones

  33. Developing parts of a typical long bone

  34. The arterial supply of a Mature long Bone

  35. Types of bone breaks Simple: Skin is not pierced. Compound: Skin is pierced. Complete: Bone is broken in half Greenstick: Incomplete break on outer arc. Comminuted: Broken into several pieces

  36. Thank you

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