The First Waves of Revolution

1. The First Waves of Revolution -Mexican Revolution -Russian Revolution -Chinese Revolution

3. Russian Revolution

4. Russian Revolution • March 1917- Food riots and strikes broke out in St. Petersburg-caused by wartime misery • Rioters wished for a new political regime • Protested early industrialization conditions against rural reform • Imperial rule was ended when tsar was abolished- government struggled to control country after this • Leaders wished to stay in WWI to stay on France and Britain’s side-couldn’t because it weakened Russia’s economy badly and morale decreased • Communist party rose with Lenin the leader (Bolsheviks)-Expelled Liberals • Czar Nicholas II was abdicated- Ended Romanov rule

5. Kerensky and Lenin • Alexander Kerensky: liberal revolutionary leader during early Russian Revolution; wished for parliamentary rule and religious freedom • Vladimir Lenin: took control of Bolshevik, later renamed communists; took Russia out of war and initiated land reforms; instituted war communism Vladimir Lenin Alexander Kerensky

6. Russian Revolution (Continued) • Lenin gained strong ground with the urban workers’ councils in urban cities • Shows his idea of tightly organized cells whose leaders have a coherent plan for action • Lenin and Bolsheviks faced problems: • War they were involved in • Solved this by signing treaty with Germany that ended hostilities and gave up parts of Western Russia- known as Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russia was ignored at Versailles peace conference • Poland built on Russian land- Baltic States created • Weren’t most popular revolutionary party • Council of People’s Commissars- headed by Lenin was challenged by parliamentary election- peasant support

7. Russian Revolution • Replaced the parliament with the Congress of Soviets- not allowed to have Western-style system • Communist party persisted until 1989 • Causes of end of tsar rule: • Russia was declining as a world power it used to be • Peasants were dissatisfied (majority of population) • Financial costs the war provoked (WWI)

8. Effects of Russian Revolution • Order was restored after Russian Revolution: • Leon Trotsky emerged as leader and created the Red Army- consisted of recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts • Inspired mass loyalty • Willingness to use people of humble background • Lenin issued the New Economic Policy- promised freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners • Food production began to increase and regime was able to prepare durable structure • Moscow = New capital of Russia

10. Joseph Stalin • Took over after Lenin became ill and passed away- became totalitarian dictator • Represented strongly nationalist version of communism • Comintern = Communist International Office • Collectivization- creation of large, state run farms that allowed for more efficient control over peasants • Led Soviet Union in WWII • Was victorious • Led Soviet Union in Cold War

11. Mexican Revolution

12. Key Terms • Syndicalism- economic and political system based on labor organization; imported from European political movements • Porfirio Diaz- elected President of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; sought a strong central government • Pancho Villa- Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during Mexican Revolution; removed Diaz from power • Emiliano Zapata- Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement; sought land reform • Mexican Constitution of 1917- promised land reform limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed worker’s rights, and formally marked end of Mexican Revolution

13. Leadership of Diaz • Very strong and seemed unbreakable • Strong economic changes had been made • However, foreigners controlled large sectors of the economy • Hacienda system dominated region • Ruled with “iron fist” • Effective political means • Didn’t face a tremendous amount of problems under his rule Porfirio Diaz

14. Causes of Mexican Revolution • People resented Diaz, partly because of his long rule in Mexico • Huge gap between the rich and the poor present in society • Diaz ruled like a dictator and people wished to end this • Exploited Mexican workers and treated them poorly in general • Discontented after limited social reform over decades • Mexico fell under control of dictators after winning independence from Spain • Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa led group of peasants and the middle class to overthrow Diaz

15. Effects of Mexican Revolution • Were able to get rid of Diaz in office as well as limit the term of leaders to six years • Immigration of Mexicans to the United States • Mexicans had developed an identity • Guidelines were established for future Mexican rulers • Mexico experienced modernization • Universal suffrage (voting) granted • Foreign-owned businesses were discouraged • Workers and Women are granted rights • Mexico adopted new constitution in 1917

16. Chinese Revolution

17. Key Terms • May Fourth Movement- resistance to the Japanese in China, which began on 1919; spawned intellectuals to transform China into a liberal democracy that rejected Confucianism • Chiang Kai-shek- military leader who was successor to Sun Yat-sen; become most powerful leader in China by early 1930s, but his nationalist ideas were driven out by communists Chiang Kai-shek

18. Yuan Shikai and Mao Zedong • Yuan Shikai- warlord in Northern China after fall of Qing dynasty in China; hoped to gain imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned after Japanese invasion • Mao Zedong- Communist leader in China that advocated rural reform in China; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist action against Chinese purges; seized control of all mainland China by 1949 and initiated Great Leap Forward; Mao sought to improve women’s rights and outlawed foot binding Mao Zedong Yuan Shikai

20. Do Videos Help You More?

21. Russian Revolution Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OU46fTls6pQ (Skip to 0:55)

22. Mexican Revolution Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yODVcG0DJp0

23. Chinese Revolution Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUCEeC4f6ts&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=37