to production-aware models of global computing

1. From craft traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean to production-aware models of global computing Tracing Networks

2. The research programme • investigates the network of contacts across and beyond the Mediterranean region, between the late bronze age and the late classical period (c.1500-c.200 BCE) by interrogating material objects • seven archaeological case studies fully integrated with computer science projects • programme sets technological networks in their greater social, economic and political contexts to expand our understanding of wider cultural developments • these networks from the past can help us devise new and more effective ways of transmitting knowledge and information in our digital world

3. Tracing Networks • How does technical knowledge move from one person/group/society to another? • How do people choose which particular knowledge to use from the repertoire available? • In what kinds of contexts does innovation appear?

4. Tracing Networks The concepts of chaîne opératoire and cross-craft interactionallow us to interweave technologies and their social meanings in studying networks of crafts-people in the past and in proposing new methodologies for developing production-aware service networks in global computing. Archaeologists study a wide range of material objects. . By tracking them at every stage of their production, distribution, use, and consumption across a large geographical region, over a long time period, we can trace the links between the people who made, used, and taught others to make them. Through these objects we can follow the ways in which technical knowledge was embedded within a wide variety of intricate socio-political, economic and cultural networks across the Mediterranean region and beyond. Exploring these networks through archaeology allows us to develop a powerful metaphor for new computational models in which code and data mobility allow for software components to establish dynamic networks of production and distribution of services according to the availability of resources and opportunities for trade. That is, there is an opportunity for the chaînopératoire of socio-economic models to be reflected in new computing paradigms so as to improve performance, resource consumption and distribution efficiency.

5. Networks of Technical Knowledge The Bigger Questions Archaeologists collect and organise data from the past to gather knowledge about how societies came to operate the way they do, helping us address pressing questions and issues we face today: • How have individuals or groups of individuals learnt how to organise themselves? • Why did some prosper while others collapsed? • What are the dynamics of power, influence and the exchange of knowledge? • In what kinds of contexts does innovation appear? Computer scientists devise new methods and techniques for creating systems that can exploit the power of computing devices and communication networks: • How to create awareness of network conditions and location of resources to optimise the provision of services in the new global computing environments? In order to be able to program systems efficiently, these methods need to reflect our own culture and practices: • What can we learn from the way our society came to use resources and respond to changing production and distribution conditions?

6. Technologies in social contexts • Two key concepts • Chaîne opératoire • Cross-Craft Interaction • allow us • to develop comparisons across cultures and over time, and across disciplines • to set technologies in their social contexts • to explore networks of knowledge Craft traditions can be viewed as tools of communication, linked to identities

7. Chaîne opératoire Tracking all technological and social elements of the production, distribution and consumption of a specific commodity in relation to each other

8. Cross-craft interaction We interrogate objects through scientific analyses The ways in which multiple crafts studied together have a technological and social impact on each other via human interaction

9. New computing paradigms for dynamic networks today FOXHALL Loomweights VAN DOMMELEN Punic ceramics DATA FIADEIRO & TUOSTO Global ubiquitous computing C O L L A B O R A T I V E I NFRASTRUCTURE Networks of everyday objects and their makers Phoenicians, Greeks and indigenous groups HASELGROVE Coinage WHITBREAD Lefkandi pottery Networks over time: Bronze Age, Iron Age, Classical 1500-200 BC Networks extending beyond the Mediterranean BRYSBAERT Crafts at Tiryns HARDING Salt and amber METHODOLOGY REBAY-SALISBURY Human representations PM Resource-aware applications

10. Advisory board Administrative structure PI: Foxhall financial Brysbaert (Athens) RA: Quercia Whitbread RA: Vetters RA: Strack RF Project Manager Rebay-Salisbury Research Technician Alonzo Lopez Van Dommelen RA: Roppa Haselgrove Harding Fiadeiro/Tuosto RA: Krmnicek RA: Uckelmann RA: Hong RA: Bocchi communication management

11. Weaving Relationships: loom weights and cross-cultural networks from Greek farm site Loom weights marked with fingerprints Loomweights in indigenous Italic fabric Punic-style footprint stamp from native grave Loom weights, made in cooking pot and plain ware fabrics, from classical Greek farmhouse, Metaponto, probably for making industrial textiles 4th c. BC loom weight, 6th c. BC stamp, Metaponto, Italy. Matches 6th c. lead figurine from Sparta, Greece.

12. Culinary relationships: cooking wares and cross-cultural networks Bronze Age to Iron Age transition at Lefkandi: diverse raw materials reflect differences in production technologies, and the consumption of both local and imported ceramics for utilitarian purposes (including cooking) End of the Greek Bronze Age: local adaptation following the collapse of palatial societies or foreign intrusion represented in cooking ware production technologies at the Menelaion and Lefkandi? Menelaion: Late Bronze Age Handmade Burnished cooking ware Menelaion: Handmade Burnished Ware with grog (pottery inclusions), atypical for Greek ceramic technology at this time Menelaion: Typical Late Bronze Age cooking fabric with quartz and limestone Under the microscope

13. Cross-Craft Interaction (CCI) in the Bronze Age East Mediterranean Egyptian blue pigment, coloured by copper ore – metals Pigment production → ceramics, paintings, textiles,… Material Chaîne Opératoire Social Chaîne Opératoire Murex shells in plaster – purple dye – also used for textiles • Range of CCI’s: • Ideas/styles • Knowledge • Procurement time/places • Skills • Techniques • Materials • Facilities/equipment • Marketing strategies People’s traces in their objects – fingernails

14. Salt of the earth: the exotic and the everyday in Bronze Age Europe AMBER Salt was crucial for daily life but not everyone had access to suitable sources Amber from Bernstorf (Bavaria) – genuine Linear B symbols? SALT Baltic amber in Greece Handmade pottery in Greece, derived from the Balkans? Many commodities were moved around the Bronze Age world, but the mechanisms of this movement are still largely unknown. The data gathered by this project will provide answers to this problem.

15. Mint condition: coinage and the development of technological, economic and social networks Political links Massalia’s economic role linking Europe & the Mediterranean New maritime connections depicted Spreading technologies: Hubbed coin die copying Macedonian Phillipus Coins and Conquest Flamininus AV 197 BC Social and cultural networks? Tarentum (I) coin and Gundestrup (DK) cauldron

16. Colonial Traditions: Ceramic Production in Punic Sardinia, Ibiza and Sicily An indigenous Nuraghe settlement site Phoenician and Nuragic (indigenous Sardinian) pottery from central Sardinia Punic and Greek amphorae produced in Sicily Indigenous pottery from Sicily Punic amphorae produced in west central Sardinia

17. Human representations, identities and social relations in the Late Bronze and Iron Age of Central Europe Art evokes social expectations Identity is how people see themselves and their social surroundings Mediterranean links Hirschlanden (Germany) Frög (Austria) The lyre player in bronze and pottery, in different decoration techniques Kuffern (Austria) Bologna-Certosa (Italy) Kleinklein (Austria) Reichersdorf(Austria) Schirndorf(Germany)

18. What is the chaîne opératoireof global computing? • Social and economic metaphors have been a key factor for the success and uptake of software development techniques: • in object-oriented programming, components cooperate through clientship in the same way as a village economy relies on direct interactions among people. • in service-oriented computing, components use the dynamicity of web-based networks to shop around for the best service that they can get, as in the global economy. • New modes of computation based on code and data mobilityover wide area networks, are providing the means for components to move in order to take advantage of: • resources available in other nodes to improve the quality of provided services • faster or more reliable distribution channels enabled by better connectivity • What is a good metaphor for these new modalities of interaction and production? FIADEIRO & TUOSTO Global ubiquitous computing A new computing paradigm based on resource-aware, competitive, opportunistic and selfish forms of computation and self-organisation.

19. Working environment: ontology and tools • to provide a logical infrastructure and support classification and analysis/interpretation of very large amounts of data • using mash up-technology to get the best out of databases in different formats • this environment should ensure future collaboration of teams and enable future research by others • The ontology of concepts (based on CIDOC-CRM) is being defined and will offer a uniform representation of data and findings of the archaeological projects through which unforeseen relationships among heterogeneous datasets may emerge semi-automatically

20. Tracing Networks • An opportunity to fund innovative and exciting research that crosses established academic boundaries and UKRC divisions The data and collaborative infrastructure will have the potential to change radically current methodologies for handling and analysing large data sets in archaeological studies and will outlive the project, allowing other communities to have access to, benefit from, and contribute to our findings, thus expanding our understanding of the wider cultural developments that frame the way our societal networks evolve. What we are proposing is not “normal science”: we are taking to the limit a notion of network based on production, distribution and consumption of commodities, which we use to expand our understanding of wider cultural developments in human civilisation and, at the same time, to start shaping the organisation of computing networks of the future. Academic outputs will include publications and presentations at international events, as well as process calculi, mathematical models, and a methodology for the new computing paradigm. We will also train young researchers in an interdisciplinary area that offers the promise of better and fruitful interactions between the sciences and the humanities.

21. Ann Brysbaert & Melissa Vetters • Department of Museum Studies University of Leicester • Peter van Dommelen & Andrea Roppa • Department of Archaeology University of Glasgow • José Fiadeiro & Yi Hong • Department of Computer Science University of Leicester • Lin Foxhall & Alessandro Quercia • School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester • Anthony Harding & Marion Uckelmann • Department of Archaeology University of Exeter • Colin Haselgrove & Stefan Krmnicek • School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester • Katharina Rebay-Salisbury • School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester • Emilio Tuosto & Laura Bocchi • Department of Computer Science University of Leicester • Ian Whitbread & Sara Strack • School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester