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Chapter 2: Canada’s Physical Landscape

Chapter 2: Canada’s Physical Landscape. Formation of the Earth 2.1. Formation of the Earth. 2.1 Planet Earth. Formation of the Earth’s Interior.

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Chapter 2: Canada’s Physical Landscape

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  1. Chapter 2: Canada’s Physical Landscape

  2. Formation of the Earth 2.1 Formation of the Earth 2.1 Planet Earth

  3. Formation of the Earth’s Interior • @5 billion years ago, plantesimals (meterorites,icy comets) collide  heat released (Kinetic energy to thermal energy) • Entire planet melts (still cooling today) • Gravity sorts materials by density • Fe (iron) in center • All other compounds towards surface

  4. Earth’s Four Layers • Crust • Mantle • Outer Core • Inner Core

  5. Scrat!

  6. Outer layer 5-100 km thick 2 types of crust Oceanic (very dense) Continental (less dense) The Crust

  7. Middle layer Very thick layer The Mantle

  8. The Core • Made mostly of iron • 1/3 of the earth’s mass • Very hot

  9. How are the earth’s layers similar to an egg? Shell=crust Egg white=mantle Yolk=core Earth’s Layers

  10. The Earth’s Interior Distance: 6730 km (3963 miles)

  11. What is ‘ Plate Tectonics’? • From Greek ‘tektonikus’ meaning building or construction • Plate tectonics refers to the process of plate formation, movement, and destruction.

  12. How the Plates Moved….

  13. Tectonic Plates • Earth’s crust is broken into about 19 pieces • These plates move on top of the crust.

  14. Geography of the Plates

  15. 1915 Alfred Wegener proposes theory of continental drift. • Supercontinent Pangaea (‘all-earth’) [225mya]. • Continents ‘broke apart’ and moved into current positions.

  16. Plate Movement History

  17. Evidence for Continental Drift? • Wegner’s evidence • Fit of continents • Match of magnetic bands on rocks on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Fossil plants, animals, rock types / geology • match on opposite shores • deposits inconsistent with current geography

  18. Wegener suggested that the pattern formed with continents together at the south pole. Glacial deposits, including structures that indicate ice flow direction are located in ancient rocks as shown on the left.

  19. Striking Match of Biological Regions

  20. The Theory of Continental Drift

  21. Matching Mountain Chains

  22. Striking Match of Geologic Regions

  23. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge…

  24. Mid-Atlantic Ridge ‘In Action’!

  25. Sea Floor Spreading

  26. Bill Nye

  27. Plate Margins: how do we know? • Marked by volcanic and tectonic activity

  28. Crustal Processes • Destruction (subduction) • Creation (volcanism) • Alteration / deformation (folding and faulting)

  29. Subduction Zone?

  30. Subduction Zones • Activity: • Subduction zone; shallow to deep earthquakes; volcanism (continental) • Examples: • ocean trench (Pacific Ocean by Japan); explosive volcanic mountains ‘Ring of Fire’

  31. Subduction Zones

  32. How Might the Continents Look in the Future?

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