What leads to Korsakoff's syndrome? thiamine deficiency resulting from alcoholism glucose deficiency resulting from alco

1. What leads to Korsakoff's syndrome? thiamine deficiency resulting from alcoholism glucose deficiency resulting from alcoholism viruses that manage to cross the blood-brain barrier glial cells that over-reproduce and increase pressure in the brain The resting potential of a neuron refers to: the net positive charge on the inside of the neuron ions which rest in one place in the cell the movement of ions to the outside of the neuron the net negative charge on the inside of the neuron. The net effect of each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump is to: decrease the number of positively charged ions within the cell. increase the number of positively charged ions within the cell. decrease the number of positively charged ions outside the cell. increase the number of negatively charged ions within the cell.

2. Who first suggested that the synapse was capable of a specialized type of communication? • Curt P. Richter • Paul MacLean • Santiago Ramon y Cajal • Charles S. Sherrington • The neuron which receives synaptic transmission is called the: • postsynaptic neuron. • presynaptic neuron. • EPSP. • temporal summator. • What decays as it travels along the membrane of a neuron? • an action potential, but not an EPSP • an EPSP, but not an action potential • both an action potential and an EPSP • neither an action potential nor an EPSP

3. Receptor molecules for neurotransmitters that exert metabotropic effects are proteins that bind to __________ outside the membrane, and bind to __________ inside the membrane. • calcium; potassium • neurotransmitters; G-proteins • neurotransmitters; nicotine • adenosine; nitric oxide • Stem cells are important for which of the following developmental processes? • migration • proliferation • myelination • Synaptogenesis

4. How much alcohol, if any, can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child? • the equivalent of two cocktails a day • the equivalent of one beer a day • anything less than what causes her to act drunk • unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended • What is the term for the new branches that may form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons? • collateral sprouts • bifurcations • denervation supersensitivity • Diaschisis • The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located: • inside the optic chiasm. • just above the optic chiasm. • below the optic chiasm. • in the occipital lobe.

5. In which of these disorders does the person awaken repeatedly during the night? • narcolepsy • REM behavior disorder • maintenance insomnia • termination insomnia • The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense, vigorous, emergency activity is the: • somatic nervous system. • craniosacral nervous system. • sympathetic nervous system. • parasympathetic nervous system. • Which is NOT a typical effect of chronic stress? • secretions of the hormone cortisol • elevated blood sugar levels • strengthened immune system • enhanced metabolism

6. precursor for the synthesis of serotonin has been identified as: • tryptophan. • phenylalanine. • monoamine. • norepinephrine. • Animals with damage to the amygdala: • neither learn new fears nor retain previously learned fears. • fail to show a startle response to any stimulus. • become extremely aggressive and emotional. • are unable to store new memories of any kind. • Which of the following senses sends input only to the ipsilateral hemisphere? • hearing • vision • smell • touch

7. In most humans, control of language is centered in the: • left hemisphere. • right hemisphere. • corpus callosum. • cerebellum. • You see the effects of lateralization more readily than normal after damage to: • the suprachiasmatic nucleus. • the corpus callosum. • one or the other eye. • the pineal gland. • Someone who suffered damage to the visual cortex of the left hemisphere would probably have impaired vision in the • left eye. • right eye. • left visual field. • right visual field.

8. fMRI scans of males who were viewing various faces revealed that nucleus accumbens activity was greatest when they were viewing: • attractive male faces. • unattractive female faces. • unattractive male faces. • attractive female faces. • Most habit-forming drugs activate which type of synapse? • acetylcholine • opiate • GABA • Dopamine • Nicotine directly stimulates receptors in the central nervous system and at nerve-muscle junctions. These nicotinic receptors are also receptors for which neurotransmitter? • glutamate • dopamine • serotonin • acetylcholine

9. Cannabinoids are associated with which drug? • nicotine • cocaine • morphine • Marijuana • A family history of depression increases your risk more strongly if you are: • female. • male. • left-handed. • right-handed. • The problems that schizophrenics have with memory and attention are most likely related to an increased tendency of having brain damage in the: • cerebellum • prefrontal cortex. • occipital cortex. • medulla