Integrating Concepts in Biology

1. Integrating Concepts in Biology PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 20: Emergent Properties in Ecological Systems by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, and Chris Paradise

2. Lamar Valley, in Yellowstone National Park, where emergent properties arise from the re-introduction of the gray wolf, a top predator Figure UN20.1

3. A food web Figure 20.1

4. Elk and wolf population counts in Yellowstone National Park Figure 20.2

5. Frequency distribution of diameters of mature cottonwood trees and of estimated narrowleaf cottonwood year of germination Figure 20.3

6. Cottonwoods in winter, with elk herd and grove at Devil’s Slide along the Yellowstone River Figure 20.4

7. Frequency distributions of cottonwood diameters at five study sites in the northern Yellowstone elk winter range Figure 20.5

8. Elk locations in and vegetation map of Gallatin Canyon within Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Figure 20.6

9. Effects of wolf presence on habitat use by elk Figure 20.7

10. Comparison of terrain on tree growth Figure 20.8

11. Direct and indirect interactions without wolves in the northern ecosystems of Yellowstone National Park (a) and with wolves present (b). Solid arrows indicate documented responses; dashed arrows indicate predicted responses. Figure 20.9

12. The distributions of seven plant species along the organic matter gradient of a lakeshore Figure 20.10

13. RIPijvalues for each pairwise combination of seven plant species grown in experimental buckets. Table 20.1

14. The relationship between target and neighbor scores and percent sediment organic matter content for the seven species at Axe Lake, Ontario Figure 20.11

15. Bluefin and rainwater killifish, time for 50% of a test population to die from exposure to two low oxygen concentrations and two high temperature conditions, and percentage of test populations that died from exposure to three different salt concentrations. Figure 20.12

16. Results of competition tests at different salt concentrations for rainwater and bluefinkillifish Figure 20.13

17. The carbon cycle Figure 20.14

18. Distribution of biomass or energy at different trophic levels in an ecological system Figure 20.15

19. Range of habitats typically observed in a salt marsh and surrounding terrestrial zone Figure 20.16

20. Re-creation of Teal’s saltmarsh foodweb Figure 20.17

21. Energy relationships in saltmarsh planthoppers and katydids Figure 20.18

22. One pathway of energy and carbon in the Georgia saltmarsh Figure 20.19