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River Blindness: A Global Health Issue in Nigeria

Presented by Chioma Dorisday Iyamu MPH Student Walden University PUBH 6165-3,Aspect of Environmental Health Instructor -Dr. Raymond Thron Summer, 2013. River Blindness: A Global Health Issue in Nigeria. What is River Blindness How is River Blindness spread Purpose of presentation

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River Blindness: A Global Health Issue in Nigeria

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  1. Presented by Chioma Dorisday Iyamu MPH Student Walden University PUBH 6165-3,Aspect of Environmental Health Instructor -Dr. Raymond Thron Summer, 2013. River Blindness: A Global Health Issue in Nigeria

  2. What is River Blindness How is River Blindness spread Purpose of presentation Target Audience Life cycle of black fly Statistics of disease Control measures & Treatment Breakdown of Presentation

  3. River blindness is an eye & skin disease caused by a tiny worm Host connective tissue is destroyed when in contact with black fly Onchocerca volvulus is the genius and species of namatodes Black fly to produce rapidly (microfilaria) CDC; 2010 River Blindness Defined

  4. Create awareness in endemic societies (Nigeria) in particular Examine mode of transmission, cultural barriers, and prevention measures Educate travelers,community leaders and government health department Address consequences and impact of river blindness, including economical burden Aim of Presentation

  5. Individual states ministry of health Department of Public health Local health providers/Agencies interested in disease eradication World Health Organization/Public schools Individuals living in agricultural areas (farmers in particular) Travelers/visitors (CDC;2010, & WHO; 2010). Target Audience

  6. River Blindness found mostly in tropical areas River Blindness known also as “onchocerca volvulus” Disease burden found in 30 countries mainly in sub-Sahara Africa leading the most River Blindness never discussed,so considered neglected Disease caused by parasitic worm Worm can live beyond 14yrs in human body (CDC;2010, & WHO; 2010). . Introduction

  7. Transmitted to human through bites of black fly 90-99% of disease occurs in Sub Sahara Africa Migrate to proboscis and saliva Host is infected after several bites of black fly Worm produce larvae that mitigate in human body and takes 12 days to mature (Basanez et al; 2006,WHO; 2010, & CDC Fact sheet, 2010). Disease Transmitted

  8. Estimate of 25 million people infected worldwide with river blindness Of those infected 300,000 people are blind 800,000 people have some sort of impairment 123 million people at risk of becoming exposed with the parasite. 99 percent of infected persons are in Africa, Yemen, and six countries in Latin America CDC, 2010, WHO; (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/epi.html Disease Statistics

  9. Larvae mature into adult in about 3 months to 1 year once in human body: Results to serious visual Impairment (i.e). blindness Skin depigmentation/ general debilitation May lead to impair physical & cognitive development Rashes, lesions, & intense itching (Basanez et al;2006). Burden of Disease

  10. Retrieved from http://www.hki.org/preventing-blindness/onchocerciasis-control/community-directed-treatment-with-ivermectin-cdti/ Burden of Disease

  11. Female black fly

  12. Life Cycle of Black Fly • Images in slide 10, 11 & 12 retrieved from http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Filaria?sis.htmhttp://cartercenter.org/resources/images/river_blindness_cycle.jpg )

  13. Blindness Retrieved from http://www.filaria.eu/treat/treat/oncho/symptoms_files/stacks_image_525_1.jpg

  14. Consequences of Disease • Fear of contacting disease cause inhabitants to abandon fertile land along rivers • Lead to disastrous socioeconomic effects in stricken areas • Intense skin break down expected • High health related cost • Low income- especially infected adults, • Poor school performance for children • Stigma and isolation particularly for women • 5% death rate in West Africa attributed to • Disease Nelson, (1991), & WHO;1995.

  15. Skin Lesions/Leg nodules Retrieved from www.filaria.eu/treat/oncho/ symptoms_html

  16. Control & Treatment • Through vector control • Utilize community volunteers to spread knowledge of disease • Vaccines / surgical care • Wearing insect repellant on exposed skin • Community directed treatment through drug distribution -Ivermectin • Encourage to wear long sleeve clothing during day when black fly is active • Living away from streams /rivers Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/onchocerciasis/prevent.html

  17. Drug Delivery in Communities • Retrieved from http://www.hki.org/preventing-blindness/onchocerciasis-control/community-directed-treatment-with-ivermectin-cdti/

  18. Drug treats Onchocerciasis • Retrieved from http://www.hki.org/preventing-blindness/onchocerciasis-control/community-directed-treatment-with-ivermectin-cdti/

  19. References Basanez, M.,Pion, S.D.S., Churcher, T.S., Breitling, L.P., Little, M.p., & Boussinesq, M.(2006). River blindness: A success story under threat? PLOS Medicine, 3(9), e371 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030371 CDC (2010). Center for Global Health-Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria. Accessed July 7, 2013 from http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/Default.htm & http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Filaria?sis.htm Coffeng LE, Stolk WA, Zouré HGM, Veerman JL, Agblewonu KB, et al. (2013) African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control 1995–2015: Model-Estimated Health Impact and Cost. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(1): e2032. doi:10.1 Hoerauf, A. Butter, D.W., aDJEI, o., & Pearlman. E. (2003). Science, medicine, and the future: onchocerciasis. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 326 (7382(, 207.

  20. References Nelson, G.S. (1991). Human onchoceriasis:notes on the history on tropical, the parasite and life cycle. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology, 85 (1), 83-95. WHO; 2012. Prevention of blindness and impairment. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/en/ WHO, 1995. Onchocerciasis and its control. WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. 852: 1-103. Retrieved from http://www.filaria.eu/treat/treat/oncho/symptoms.html

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