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Body In Action

Learn about the role of the skeleton in muscle attachment, support, and protection, as well as the function of joints and the need for energy. Understand the respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems and how they contribute to overall body movement and coordination.

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Body In Action

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  1. Body In Action Revision

  2. Movement

  3. The skeleton is required for: • Muscle attachment • Support • Protection • Ribs  Heart & Lungs • Skull  Brain • Vertebrae  Spinal Cord

  4. Bone is made up of: • Hard minerals – Calcium phosphate • Flexible fibres – living bone cells

  5. Joints can be: • Ball & Socket  Hip / shoulder • Allows movement in 3 planes • Hinge  Knee / Elbow • Allows movement in 1 plane

  6. Synovial Joints - Credit • Freely movable joints

  7. Muscles & Movement • Muscles bring about movement in the body. • Muscles can only contract or relax – they cannot make themselves longer.

  8. Muscles • Muscles are attached to bones by inelastic tendons • They must be inelastic so that when a muscle contracts they pull on the bone!!

  9. Antagonistic Pairs - Credit • Muscles must work in pairs. • When one muscle contracts the other relaxes allowing the joint to move. • To straighten the joint the opposite muscles contract and relax.

  10. The Need for Energy

  11. Energy In Food • Energy in food is measured in KILOJOULES. • The amount of energy required by a person depends on • Size Age • Sex Activity levels • Weight Loss Weight Gain Energy Imbalance

  12. Comparing Inhaled & Exhaled Air • Inhaled Air • High Oxygen • Low Carbon Dioxide • Exhaled Air • Low Oxygen • High Carbon Dioxide • During Aerobic Respiration oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is produced.

  13. The Respiratory System

  14. The trachea ( windpipe) is supported by rings of cartilage. • Mucus catches dirt & bacteria and is carried to the top of the trachea by cilia. • The mucus is then swallowed.

  15. Breathing • Breathing is brought about by the muscles of the ribs (intercostal muscles) and the diaphram contracting & relaxing. • During inspiration the volume of the chest cavity increases and air rushes in to fill the space. • During expiration the volume of the chest decreases and air is pushed out.

  16. Gas Exchange • Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli (air sacs) • To allow effiecient gas exchange the alveoli have a: • Large surface area • Moist surface • Good blood supply • Thin lining

  17. The Circulatory System • The heart is a muscular pump • Pumps blood around the body • Supplies all cells with • Food • Oxygen • Removes wastes • Carbon dioxide

  18. Structure of the heart Valves prevent the backflow of blood The muscle of the left side is much thicker as it must pump blood all around the body. The muscle on the right side is thinner. It only pumps blood to the lungs

  19. The Circulatory System – Blood Flow

  20. Blood Vessels • Arteries • thick, muscular walls • carry high pressure blood away from the heart • Veins • thin, stretchy, muscular walls • return low pressure blood to the heart • Valves prevent backflow of blood • Capillaries • tiny blood vessels • connect arteries and veins • carry blood to the cells of the body

  21. The Coronary Artery • Leads from the aorta - supplies blood to heart muscle. • Blockage can result in a heart attack

  22. The Blood • Blood is made up of: • Plasma – liquid which carries cells and dissolved substances • Red blood cells – carry oxygen • White blood cells – fight infection • Platelets – help clot blood

  23. Gas Exchange • As blood flows through capillaries oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells. • Carbon dioxide from the cells diffuses into the blood and is carried away. Blood high in oxygen Blood high in carbon dioxide.

  24. Capillary Networks • To allow efficient gas exchange the capillary network has: • A large surface area • Very thin cell walls

  25. Haemoglobin • Red blood cells contain haemoglobin. • This combines with oxygen in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin. • As the blood passes through cells which have low oxygen levels the oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen which can then be used by the cells.

  26. Coordination

  27. The Eye

  28. The structure of the eye: • Cornea - focusing of light. • Lens - fine focuses the light onto the retina • Iris - controls the size of the pupil, controling the amount of light entering the eye.  • Retina - layer of light sensitive cells where an image is formed. • Opticnerve - carries the nerve impulses to the brain. • Blind spot – where the optic nerve meets the retina – no image is formed here.

  29. Binocular Vision • Using two eyes allows us to judge distance. • This is called binocular vision.

  30. The Ear

  31. Judging Direction • Using two ears allows us to judge the direction of sound more effectively.

  32. Balance • The position of the head can be judged by the position of fluid in the semi – circular canals.

  33. The Nervous System • The human nervous system is made up of • The brain • The spinal cord • The nerves • The brain & spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS).

  34. Functions of parts of the brain • Cerebrum – conscious thought, memory, senses, intelligence, imagination. • Cerebellum – balance & coordination. • Medulla (brain stem) – breathing & heart rate.

  35. Nerves • Sensory Neurons carry information from sense organs to the brain. • Information is decoded in the brain. • Motor Neurons carry information back to the body.

  36. Reflex Reactions • Very quick. • Protect the body from harm. • Do not involve conscious thought. • Sneezing • Blinking • Limb withdrawal (eg from heat)

  37. The Reflex Arc Relay nerves in the spinal cord send information from the sensory neurone straight to the motor neurone

  38. Changing Levels of Performance

  39. Muscle Fatigue • Muscle fatigue occurs due to the build up of lactic acid in muscles that are exercising. • Lack of oxygen results in anaerobic respiraton which causes lactic acid to form.

  40. Anaerobic Respiration • Only a little energy is released. • During rest oxygen is needed to remove the lactic acid formed. • This is known as the ‘oxygen debt’.

  41. Exercise • Exercise causes the heart rate & breathing rate to increase. • Allows more blood carrying sugar & oxygen to be supplied to muscles. • The time taken for these to return to normal following exercise is the RECOVERY TIME.

  42. Fitter people have a shorter recovery time than unfit people. • They also have lower levels of lactic acid production. • Recovery time can be improved by regular exercise

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