Jacksonian Democracy

2. Jacksonian Democracy AP U.S. History

3. Sectionalism & Nationalism • North • Industrialization • Commercialization • South • Agrarian: Cotton • Slave system • Westward expansion unifies country • 9 new states make up over 1/3 country

4. Population Trends: Westward Expansion, 1830

5. Increase in Suffrage • Western States: All white males over 21 years old. • By 1820 most states in the east have followed. • Dissuade people from moving west. • Competition for votes among factions or parties. • 1840: 90% of adult white males can vote (largest in world during this period).

6. African Americans 500,000 free African Americans cannot vote. ME, NH, VT, MA, & RI (before 1865). NY (1821): $250 of property or more (68%). Denied in western and southern states. Women Husband is head of household. Subordinate to male relatives Involved in politics through husbands. African Americans & Women

7. Growth of Universal White Manhood Suffrage

8. Election of 1824 • 5 candidates. All D-R’s • John Quincy Adams: MA, NE • William Crawford: GA, South • Henry Clay: KY, West • Andrew Jackson: TN, West • John Calhoun, SC: Withdrawals to be VP

9. The Election of 1824Corrupt Bargain

10. Election of 1824 House of Reps votes in Adams Henry Clay appointed Secretary of State Accusation of corrupt barganing

11. End of Elite Politics • Universal manhood suffrage ends elite reign. • Mass Campaigns • Rallies, parades, and national name recognition for candidate (military heroes). • Distribute food and alcohol at polling places. • Provided excitement, belonging and entertainment. • Giant men's club.

12. The Election of 1828

13. Election of 1828 • Jackson wins by a landslide. • Democratic-Republicans drop Republican. • Adams: Jackson is a murderer, illiterate, & adulterer. • Democrats are first to win north, south and west. • “Age of Common Man”. • Jackson is a slave owning, wealthy, military hero. “Old Hickory” was stubborn, tough and unbendable. • People’s President

14. Spoils System • Awarding government positions to loyalists of winning party. • Biggest difference between old and new government. • Result: Corrupt and inefficient bureaucracy.

15. Jackson’s Presidency • Active presidency: 12 vetoes (9 in the previous 6 presidencies). • Force congress to consider his preferences.

17. Travel Times, 1800 and 1857

18. Travel Times, 1800 and 1857

19. Internal Improvements • Commercial and social transportation. • National Road (1808): $7M • Canal: Erie (NY to Great Lakes) • 40 feet wide, 4 feet deep and 364 miles long. • 1830: 50,000 people a year move west on this canal. • Steamboat (1807) by Robert Fulton stimulates trade. • Railroad: 1830: 13 miles. 1860: 31,000 miles.

20. Commercial Links: Canals and Roads, 1830

21. Effects of Transportation Revolution • Distant markets accessible. • Canals & RR’s attract domestic & foreign ($500M) investors between 1790-1861. • Fuels even more growth. • Re-orient Americans from N-S to E-W. • Technology and innovation brings pride and nationalism.

22. Commercial Links: Rivers and Canals, 18301 of 2

23. Commercial Links: Rivers and Canals, 1830

24. Nullification Crisis • Protective tariff 1828: Tariff of Abominations. • States rights v. Federal Government (S v. N). • Jackson supporters pass it to gain him support in the north. • Southerners don’t like to be ignored and feel that states rights are violated if they can be overruled. • SC: State may rule a law null & void & refuse to enforce it. • 1832 a higher tariff comes out. • SC calls militia. • Calls convention for nullification and secession. • No southern states join cause.

25. Indian Removal Five Civilized tribes cede land all cooperate except for Seminoles. • 1830 Indian Removal Act. • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832). • Marshall finds in favor of Indians. • Jackson ignores court ruling. • 1830-1838 tribes forcibly removed. • Most famous is 1838 removal of Cherokees to OK, “Trail of Tears.” • 7,000 troops escort 16,000 Indians, 25% die.

26. Southern Indian Cessions and Removals, 1830s

27. War on the Bank Allowed the Creation of Pet Blanks (state banks) • Removed federal deposits form the Bank of the US. • Put them in selected pet banks • State banks used the money for loans – profitable • Banks chosen for loyalty to the Democratic Party • Vetoes bank in 1832.

28. Election of 1836 • Biddle calls in all debts, causing a short recession in 1833-34. • Jackson opposition: Whigs (patriots who had resisted King George III). • Van Buren vs. 4 Whig opponents for president. • Van Buren wins with 50.9% of the vote.

29. Recession • Caused by demise of strong US bank. • Unemployment reaches 10%. • NYC: 33%. • Angry working class feels helpless. • Federal government does nothing. • Martin “Van Ruin”

30. Whigs Strong federal government. Support the American System. Religion: Reformers. Government intervention in social affairs. Poor and wealthy, New England, west and cities. Democrats Rights of small independent farmer. Nationwide appeal, mostly in south and west. Expansion Indian removal Freedom on the frontier. 2nd American Party System

31. Election of 1840 • 80% Voter turnout. • Whigs pick a “Jacksonian” double: William Henry Harrison. • Hero who defeated Tecumseh, “Tippecanoe & Tyler too.” • Portrayed as a regular citizen.

32. The Election of 1840

33. “& Tyler too…” • Harrison dies of pneumonia 1 month into office. • 1st time VP steps in. • Tyler: anti-Whig and anti-Jackson. • Vetoes: American System. • Presidency is stalemate between congress & president. • Whigs cannot bridge sectional divide of north & south and will not withstand the tension.

34. Pre–Civil War Voter Turnout