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A New State of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma

A New State of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma. Pengfei Zhuang (Tsinghua University). * Quark-Gluon Plasma * Experiment Results * Theory * Outlook. 物质科学包含物质的结构和状态 结构： 问题 : 看不见的夸克 , 质量起源 , 真空结构 状态： 熟悉物态 : 固态 , 液态 , 气态 , 电磁等离子体 问题 : 是否存在由夸克和胶子组成的物态？. 2004 诺贝尔物理奖.

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A New State of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma

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  1. A New State of Matter: Quark-Gluon Plasma Pengfei Zhuang (Tsinghua University) * Quark-Gluon Plasma * Experiment Results * Theory * Outlook

  2. 物质科学包含物质的结构和状态 结构： 问题: 看不见的夸克,质量起源,真空结构 状态： 熟悉物态: 固态,液态,气态,电磁等离子体问题: 是否存在由夸克和胶子组成的物态？ 2004 诺贝尔物理奖 H. David Politzer Frank Wilczek David J. Gross

  3. T.D.Lee： In order to study the question of ‘vacuum’, we must turn to a different direction: we should investigate some ‘bulk’ phenomena by distributing high energy over a relatively large volume.”--------------- Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 267(1975) from 1897 to present: to comprehend the largest, we need only understand the smallest. from present to 21st century: to know the smallest, we need also the largest!

  4. Early universe (LHC, RHIC) quark-gluon plasma • critical point ? Tc Temperature colour superconductor hadron gas nucleon gas nuclei QCD Phase Diagram r0 Neutronstars 温度密度效应 —>波函数重叠 —> 最深层次物质形态 夸克胶子等离子体，QGP

  5. superconductivity superfluidity 夸克物质：高度交叉的领域， 粒子物理,核物理,凝聚态物理,宇宙学,天体物理,…… related to early universe related to compact stars related to relativistic heavy ion collisions

  6. 相对论重离子碰撞实验 CSR/兰州(即将运行): Elab = 1 A GeV FAIR/GSI(巳批准): 40 A GeV NICA/JINR (巳批准): SPS/CERN(巳关闭): 160 A GeV RHIC/LBL(正在运行): LHC/CERN(即将运行): 制造高重子数密度条件 制造高温条件

  7. Heavy ion Exp. @ BNL/RHIC Au－Au@200A GeV STAR Experiments

  8. Heavy ion Exp.@ CERN/LHC (27km) • Pb-Pb@5.5A TeV Heavy ion Exp.@CERN/SPS (6.7km) Pb-Pb@17.3GeV

  9. Heavy ion Exp.@ GSI/SIS200 U+U@Elab = 40A GeV

  10. 兰州CSR（Cooling Storing Ring）大科学工程

  11. QGP产生的标志——信号 喷注淬火(Jet quenching): 高能喷注在热密物质中运动会损失能量 集体流(Collective flow): 不是静态系统，体系的膨胀会产生集体流 J/ψ粒子产额压低: 重夸克系统在热密物质中由于Debye屏蔽 而解体 电磁信号 电磁信号是最干净的信号 奇异粒子增加 Quark Gluon Plasma中奇异夸克成对产生 ……

  12. STAR: NPA757, 102 (05) What RHIC has told us … Jet quenching, Large v2, NCQ-scalings, Large radial flow • STAR • models

  13. 夸克物质理论 热平衡理论:有限温度量子场论(场论+统计) 定域平衡体系的时空演化: 相对论流体力学 状态方程 非平衡体系的时空演化:

  14. pair dissociation line (1.5-2) Tc Tc sQGP BCS BEC QCD 相图： LHC RHIC FAIR CSR 新现象: 强耦合夸克胶子等离子体 (sQGP) 高密度时的色超导，π超流，等 主要问题:1)sQGP的性质 RHIC, LHC/ALICE 2)sQGP在 RHIC 和 LHC产生的信号 RHIC,LHC/ALICE 3)临界相变点 (tricritical) 的位置 FAIR,NICA 4)手征对称性部分恢复 CSR 主攻方向: 强耦合夸克物质理论及其信号

  15. QCD is non-perturbative even at extremely high temperature ! the validity of a weak coupling expansion depends not only on the strength of the coupling, but also on the number of active degrees of freedom ! coupling α solid dynamics liquid gas ideal gas non-perturbative perturbative only here ! density n collectivity

  16. Strongly Coupled Quark Matter ● lattice 2009: more non-perturbative when charm quark is thermalized, 50% contribution ! conclusion: non-perturbative QCD even at extremely high T ! ● two possible states of sQGP: a) independent quasi-partons b) partons + bound states

  17. QCD at High Density ● lattice 2009:searching for the QCD critical point in canonical ensemble T ● nB ● does the quarkyonic matter exist in real world with Nc=3 and what is the measurable consequence of the quarkyonic matter ? atom gas ● D.Son: no deconfinement in isospin matter due to pionsuperfluidity, even at extremely high isospin density QCD ● BCS-BEC crossover in QCD phase transitions at high density ● Fridel oscillation at high density

  18. AdS/CFT Correspondence weak coupling in gravity theory corresponds to strong coupling in gauge theory Kovtun, Son, Starinets, PRL94, (2005)111601: for any physical system Kapusta, QM06, Shanghai: theory calculation Prakash et al., Phys. Rep. 227, (1993)321. constructed with data Hatsuda, QM06, Shanghai minimal at the critical point, a possible way to pinpoint the location of a QCD phase transition Problems: CFT is not QCD, the coupling constant does not run,…… pQCD lattice AdS/CFT Blaizot, Mclerran, QM06, Shanghai

  19. QGP Study in China 实验：参加STAR/RHIC国际合作组 科大，清华 (MRPC，重要贡献） 华中师大，上海应用物理所，山大，哈尔滨工大，…… 理论： QCD相变理论 高能所,科大,北大,南大,清华,等 相对论重离子碰撞理论 华中师大,山大,清华,等 王恩科,等给出有限温度和密度下具有细致平衡效应的喷注能量损失 王群,等：BCS-BEC

  20. Gapless Color Superconductivity 通过考虑色电中性条件对色超导态的影响，发现激发的准粒子能量可以为零，引导了无能隙色超导态的提出。在我们2003年提出这一新概念后，迅速成为QCD相变研究的一个热点。

  21. Pion Superfluidity 解析证明了π超流的临界化学势等于真空中的π质量，纠正了以往文献中认为两者只是近似相等的结论，引导了高密π超流的研究。

  22. J/ψ Puzzle

  23. Partonic Wind

  24. Outlook 实验 SPS: 达到了产生QGP的条件 RHIC: 发现了产生QGP的一些信号 LHC: Properties of QGPFAIR,NICA,RHIC energy scan: QCD critical point CSR: Chiral symmetry restoration 理论 非微扰强相互作用多体问题难度很大 QCD at high density Strongly coupled quark matter Sensitive QGP signatures RHIC AdS/CFT Early Universe Compact Stars QGP 谢谢 ！ BCS-BEC Lattice

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