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ECE 545 - Lecture 13

ECE 545 - Lecture 13. Motorola 68HC11. Resources. 68HC11 E-series Reference Guide and if necessary 68HC11 E-series Technical Data 68HC11 Reference Manual all available at http://www.technologicalarts.com/myfiles/links.html Optionally: Peter Spasov, Microcontroller Technology ,

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ECE 545 - Lecture 13

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  1. ECE 545 - Lecture 13 Motorola 68HC11

  2. Resources • 68HC11 E-series Reference Guide • and if necessary • 68HC11 E-series Technical Data • 68HC11 Reference Manual • all available at • http://www.technologicalarts.com/myfiles/links.html • Optionally: • Peter Spasov, Microcontroller Technology, • any edition, Prentice-Hall, Chapter 2, Software, • and Chapter 7 Clocked Operation • (you can borrow this book from the ECE 447 students).

  3. Basic Computer System Parallel I/O Device Serial I/O Device Parallel Data Serial Data Memory Program + Data I/O Interface CPU Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus

  4. Microprocessor - usually memory off-chip and only basic I/O interface on chip e.g., Intel 8008, 8080, 8086, 80286, Pentium Single-chip microcomputer - CPU, memory, I/O interface, and simple I/O devices on one LSI chip e.g., Intel 8048, 8051, Motorola 68HC11, 68HC16

  5. Microcontroller: I/O oriented single-chip microcomputer Microcontroler vs. other single-chip microcomputers: • Extended I/O capabilities synchronous and asynchronous communication devices, A/D and D/A converters, timers, counters, watchdogs • Interrupt handling increased ability to prioritize levels of interrupts and mask individual interrupts • Instruction set instructions oriented toward bit manipulation, operations on single bits of memory words or I/O ports

  6. Early microcroprocessors (8080, 6800, Z80) integration performance General-purpose microprocessors Single-chip microcomputers (e.g., Pentium, Alpha, Power PC) (e.g., MC68HC11, 8051) - small price - low power consumption - built-in memory - built-in I/O devices - high speed - long word size volume sold x 1 x 10

  7. 68HC11 Organization

  8. Organization of MC68HC11 in the Single-Chip Mode RAM CPU ROM EEPROM A/D SPI TIMER SCI 8 (4) 8 4 2 PORT A PORT B PORT C PORT D PORT E 3 3 2 8 8 6 8 (4)

  9. Organization of MC68HC11 in the Expanded Bus Mode RAM CPU ROM EEPROM A/D SPI TIMER SCI 8 (4) 8 4 2 PORT D PORT E PORT A 6 8 (4) 3 3 2 EXTERNAL RAM EXTERNAL EPROM EXTERNAL I/O EXTERNAL ROM

  10. Abbreviations CPU - Central Processing Unit := ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + Control RAM - Random Access Memory := Read/Write Memory ROM - Read Only Memory (non-volatile) EPROM - Erasable Programmable ROM EEPROM - Electrically Erasable ROM SCI - Serial Communication Interface (asynchronous serial communication interface) SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface (synchronous serial communication interface) A/D - analog-to-digital converter

  11. Internal Registers

  12. Register structure of MC6811 Accumulators A and B or A B 7 0 7 0 D Double Accumulator D 0 15 X-index register IX 0 15 Y-index register IY 0 15 Stack Pointer SP 0 15 Program Counter PC 0 15 Condition Code Register CCR 7 0 S X H I N Z V C

  13. Condition Code Register CCR 7 0 S X H I N Z V C carry / borrow overflow zero negative I-interrupt mask half-carry (from bit 3) X-interrupt mask stop disable

  14. I/O Ports and other I/O Devices

  15. Input/Output Ports Input Pins Output Pins Bidirectional Pins Shared Functions Port Port A Port B Port C Port D Port E 3 – – – 8 3 8 – – – 2 – 8 6 – Timer High Order Address Low Order Address and Data Bus SCI and SPI A/D Converter

  16. Memory mapped I/O Separate I/O (e.g., Intel) (e.g., Motorola) 0 0 0 I/O max I/O MAX MAX Control lines: read/write Control lines: read/write memory/io

  17. Memory map of MC68HC11E1 $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $0000 $0000 EXT $1000 $1000 $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers EXT $B600 $B600 $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM EXT $FFFF $FFFF Single-chip mode Expanded bus mode

  18. I/O Device Architecture I/O device Control registers instructions address1/name1 ….. Status registers status of the device ….. . . . . . Data registers inputs (operands) ….. addressN/nameN outputs (results)

  19. Input/Output Register Types 1. Control registers - hold instructions that regulate the operation of internal I/O devices 2. Status registers - indicate the current status of internal I/O devices 3. Data registers - hold the input data sent to the I/O device and output data generated by this device 4. Data direction registers - control the direction (in or out) of the data flow to/from bidirectional data registers

  20. Assembly Language vs. Machine Code

  21. Assembly language vs. machine code Assembly language [label] mnemonic [operands] START CLRA LDAA #$4A LDAA $5B, Y Machine code [prebyte] opcode [operands] $4F $86 $4A $18 $A6 $5B

  22. Machine code Number of instructions represented using a single-byte opcode 236 Number of instructions represented using a combination prebyte+opcode 76 Values of prebytes 18, 1A, CD

  23. ; move.s11 ; function that transfer an array of 128 bytes ; starting at location $C800 to the memory area ; starting at location $D800 SECTION .text transfer: LDX #$C800 LDY #$D800 loop_begin LDD 0,X STD 0,Y INX INX INY INY CPX #$C880 BNE loop_begin RTS END move.s11

  24. move.lst C:/introl/Examples/E Sep 24 00:41 19102 Page 1 1 ; move.s11 2 ; function that transfer an array of 128 bytes 3 ; starting at location $C800 to the memory area 4 ; starting at location $D800 5 6 SECTION .text 7 8 00000000 transfer: 9 00000000 cec800 LDX #$C800 10 00000003 18ced800 LDY #$D800 11 00000007 loop_begin 12 00000007 ec00 LDD 0,X 13 00000009 18ed00 STD 0,Y 14 0000000c 08 INX 15 0000000d 08 INX 16 0000000e 1808 INY 17 00000010 1808 INY 18 00000012 8cc880 CPX #$C880 19 00000015 26f0 BNE loop_begin 20 00000017 39 RTS 21 22 END

  25. C:/introl/Examples/E Sep 24 00:41 19102 Page 2 Section synopsis 1 00000018 ( 24) .text C:/introl/Examples/E Sep 24 00:41 19102 Page 3 Symbol table .text 1 00000000 | loop_begin 1 00000007 | transfer E 1 00000000 C:/introl/Examples/E Sep 24 00:41 19102 Page 4 Symbol cross-reference .text *6 loop_begin *11 19 transfer *8

  26. Groups of Instructions

  27. Groups of instructions (1) 1. Data handling instructions a. Move instructions (e.g., load, store, exchange) b. Alter data instructions (e.g., clear, increment, decrement) c. Edit instructions (e.g., shift, rotate) 2. Arithmetic instructions (e.g., add, subtract, multiply, divide, negate) 3. Logic instructions (e.g., and, or, xor) 4. Data test instructions (e.g. compare, test, bit test)

  28. Groups of instructions (2) 5. Control instructions (e.g., jump, branch) 6. Condition code instructions (e.g., set carry, clear overflow flag) 7. Stack operations (e.g. push, pull) 8. Subroutine-related instructions (e.g. jump to subroutine, return from subroutine) 9. Interrupt-related instructions (e.g. software interrupt, return from interrupt)

  29. Addressing Modes

  30. Move instructions (1) N Z V C 1. memory  register LDA [A, B] LD [D, X, Y, S] 2. register  memory STA [A, B] ST [D, X, Y, S] 3. register  register TAB, TBA 4. memory  memory IMM, DIR, EXT, IND 0 – 0 – DIR, EXT, IND 0 – INH

  31. Move instructions (2) N Z V C 1. register  register XGD [X, Y] – – – – INH

  32. Addressing modes of the LDAA instruction Immediate mode $5C  A LDAA #$5C Direct mode ($001B)  A LDAA $1B Extended mode ($6D00)  A LDAA $6D00 Indexed mode (IX+$56)  A LDAA $56, X LDAA $56, Y (IY+$56)  A

  33. Instruction Table

  34. Addressing modes of MC68HC11 (1) 1. Inherent: Opcode contains reference. 2. Immediate: Data follows opcode. 3. “Direct”: Base page, Page 0; Low byte of address follows opcode. High byte of address set to zero. 4. Extended: Direct; Complete address of the operand follows the opcode.

  35. Addressing modes of MC68HC11 (2) 5. Indexed Contents of X or Y index register added to the unsigned offset in the byte following the opcode to form effective address 6. Relativesigned byte following the opcode added to the pre-incremented program counter PC to form effective address

  36. Arithmetic Instructions

  37. Arithmetic instructions (1) N Z V C 1. addition Acc + M  Acc ADD [A, B, D] ADC [A, B] 2. subtraction Acc – M  Acc SUB [A, B, D] SBC [A, B] IMM, DIR, EXT, IND IMM, DIR, EXT, IND 3. negation -X NEG [A, B] NEG INH EXT, IND

  38. Unsigned vs. signed numbers B = b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 Unsigned number weights 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 B = b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 7  B = b020 + b121 + b222 + b323 + b424 + b525 + b626 + b727 = bi2i i=0 Signed number weights -128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 B = b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 6  bi2i B = b020 + b121 + b222 + b323 + b424 + b525 + b626 - b727 = - b727 + i=0

  39. Definition of the Condition Code Register flags (1) Zero flag - Z zero result Z = 1 if result = 0 0 otherwise Negative flag- N negative result N = sign bit of the result r7 - for 8-bit operands r15 - for 16-bit operands

  40. Definition of the Condition Code Register flags (2) Carry flag - C out-of-range for unsigned numbers C = 1 if result > MAX_UNSIGNED or result < 0 0 otherwise where MAX_UNSIGNED = 28-1 for 8-bit operands (registers A, B) 216-1 for 16-bit operands (register D) Overflow flag - V out-of-range for signed numbers V = 1 if result > MAX_SIGNED or result < MIN_SIGNED 0 otherwise where MAX_SIGNED = 27-1 for 8-bit operands (registers A, B) 215-1 for 16-bit operands (register D) MIN_SIGNED = -27 for 8-bit operands (registers A, B) -215 for 16-bit operands (register D)

  41. Overflow for signed numbers (1) Indication of overflow Negative + Negative = Positive Positive + Positive = Negative Formulas Overflow2’s complement = xk-1 yk-1 sk-1 + xk-1 yk-1 sk-1 = = ck ck-1

  42. Overflow for signed numbers (2) xk-1 yk-1 ck-1 ck sk-1 overflow ckck-1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

  43. Condition code instructions 1. set a flag 1  flag SE [C, V, I] 2. clear a flag 0  flag CL [C, V, I] 3. change all flags A  CC TAP 4. read all flags CC  A TPA

  44. Arithmetic instructions (2) N Z V C 1. addition Reg + B  Reg ABA AB [X, Y] 2. subtraction A – B  A SBA INH – – – – INH

  45. Arithmetic instructions (3) N Z V C 1. unsigned multiplication A x B  D MUL 2. unsigned division D/IX  IX D mod IX  D IDIV 3. unsigned fractional division D < IX 216 D/ IX  IX 216 D mod IX  D 4. decimal adjustment DAA – – – INH – 0 INH – FDIV INH ? INH

  46. Extending the number of bits of a signed number xk-1xk-2 … x1x0 X yk’-1yk’-2 … ykyk-1yk-2 … y1y0 Y two’s complement xk-1 xk-1 xk-1 . . .xk-1xk-2 … x1x0

  47. Other Instructions

  48. Alter data instructions N Z V C 1. 0  register CLR [A, B] 2. 0  memory CLR 0 1 0 0 INH 0 1 0 0 EXT, IND 3. increment X++ INC [A, B] INC IN [X, Y] 4. decrement X-- DEC [A, B] DEC DE [X, Y] INH EXT, IND INH – – – – INH EXT, IND INH – – – –

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