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#1 George Washington, 1789-1797

#1 George Washington, 1789-1797. Est. Presidential precedents Judiciary Act, 1789 First Bank of United States , 1791-1811 The Bill of Rights, 1791 French Revolution - Citizen Genet, 1793 Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Jay’s Treaty with England, 1795

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#1 George Washington, 1789-1797

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  1. #1 George Washington, 1789-1797 • Est. Presidential precedents • Judiciary Act, 1789 • First Bank of United States , 1791-1811 • The Bill of Rights, 1791 • French Revolution - Citizen Genet, 1793 • Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 • Jay’s Treaty with England, 1795 • Hamilton v Jefferson (loose v strict interpretations of the Constitution) • Farewell Address, 1796

  2. #2 John Adams, 1797-1801 • Federalist • XYZ Affair, 1797 • 11th Amendment, 1798 • Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798 • Avoids War with France • Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798 • "Midnight Appointments"/Judiciary Act of 1801

  3. #3 Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809 • Democratic-Republican, Revolution of 1800 • Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801 • Beginning of the Second Great Awakening, 1801-1840s • Marbury v. Madison, 1803 • Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806 • 12th Amendment, 1804 • Embargo Act, 1807 • Congressional prohibition on slave trade into the US, 1808

  4. #4 James Madison, 1809-1817 • Democratic-Republican, Father of the Constitution • Repeal of Embargo Act, 1809, Non-Intercourse Act, 1809 • "War Hawks," 1811-1812 (John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY) • War of 1812 (1812-1814), “Star-Spangled banner” composed, 1814 • Treaty of Ghent, 1814 • Hartford Convention, 1814 • Battle of New Orleans, 1815 • The rechartering of the National Bank, 1816

  5. The War of 1812(1812-1814) • “2nd War of Independence” • Impressment of US sailors • Poorly fought, Washington D.C. captured, burned. • Leadership of James Madison • Siege of Ft. McHenry, Baltimore harbor, Star-Spangled Banner • Battle of New Orleans 1815, Andrew Jackson national hero

  6. #5 James Monroe, 1817-1825 • Democratic-Republican • Completed the “VA Dynasty” • Presided over alleged “Era of Good Feelings” • Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 • McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 • Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 • Missouri Compromise 1820 • Monroe Doctrine 1823

  7. #6 John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 • National Republican • First post-Revolution era President • Controversial Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain) • Tried to implement the “American System” • Erie Canal • Tariff of Abominations 1828 • German & Irish Immigration

  8. Slavery: The Insidious Institution • Colonial Founding • Geographic, Economic, Cultural differences b/w North and South • Louisiana Purchase and Cotton Gin led to explosion of slavery in the Deep South • Core Issue: The Expansion of Slavery into New Territories. • Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 • Wm Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator • Nat Turner’s insurrection, Underground RR

  9. #7 Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837 • Democrat, “Kitchen Cabinet” & “Spoils System” • Hero of New Orleans • Jacksonian Democracy, 1st Common Man President • Brutal Campaign v. JQA in 1828 • Indian Removal Act 1830, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 • The Tariff of 1832 & Nullification Crisis (SC) • Bank War v. Nicholas Biddle • Black Hawk War • Formation of Whig Party

  10. #8 Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841 • Hand Selected by Jackson, Democrat • “Little Magician” • Amistad Affair • Economic Panics of 1837 and 1839 • Liberty Party (Free Soilers) founded

  11. #9 William Henry Harrison, 1841 • Whig Party’s Andrew Jackson • “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” • President for a Month

  12. #10 John Tyler, 1841-1845 • Whig, “His Accidentcy”, Assumed full power of the Presidency, established important precedent. • High Point of “Old Immigration” • Kicked out of Whig Party for not supporting the American System. • John C. Fremont surveys the Oregon Trail.

  13. #11 James K. Polk, 1845-1849 • Democrat, Dark Horse • Expansionist President, Manifest Destiny • Accomplished his 4 goals • Ethically questionable war with Mexico 1846-48 • Bear Flag Republic • Brigham Young & Mormons in Utah • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848 • Wilmot Proviso

  14. Mexican-American War1846-48 • Texas border dispute with Mexico • Santa Anna attacks US troops north of the Rio Grande • “American blood has been shed on American soil”…Polk • Gen. Zachary Taylor • Gen. Winfield Scott

  15. #12 Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850 • “Old Rough and Ready” hero of Mexican-American War. • Whig • Refused to pass Compromise of 1850. • Southerner who took a strong stance against potential secessionists. • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850 (Panama Canal) • Died in Office

  16. #13 Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853 • Whig who passed the Compromise of 1850, brought CA in as free state in exchange for a stronger Fugitive Slave Code. • Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852 • American Party/The Know-Nothings, 1853

  17. The Road to Civil War • Compromise of 1850 • Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 • Popular Sovereignty • Bleeding Kansas 1856 • Dred Scott Case 1857 • John Brown at Harper’s Ferry 1859 • Election of 1860

  18. #14 Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857 • Democrat, Least offensive candidate in 1852. • Strived to keep the balance between Northern and Southern interest. • Gadsden Purchase 1853 • KA-NB Act 1854 • The caning of Sen. Charles Sumner

  19. #15 James Buchanan, 1857-1861 • Democrat • Weak, ineffectual President. • Dred Scott Case • Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Watched as South Carolina seceded from the Union.

  20. #16 Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865 • Republican, widely considered Greatest American President • Strong stance against the expansion of slavery • Assault on Ft. Sumter 1861 • Tensions with Gen. McLellan • Moderate politician, became more radical as President • Emancipation Proclamation • Choosing of General Grant

  21. The Civil War • From Ft. Sumter to Appomattox Courthouse, 4 long years of war were the darkest chapter in US history. (approx 620k killed) • Lincoln’s leadership and superior logistics won over the superior generals and soldierly prowess of the South. • Antietam, Fredericksburg, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman’s March, Appomatox • Lincoln’s Assassination

  22. Reconstruction • Lincoln is dead, the South is defeated, Blacks are free, and a generation of American men (620,000) are dead (X2 wounded). • Andrew Johnson • 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments • Freedman’s Bureau • Military Reconstruction Act • Compromise of 1877

  23. #17 Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869 • Jacksonian Democrat who clashed with Radical Republicans (Stevens & Sumner) over Reconstruction. • Military Reconstruction Act of 1867, Radicals override Johnson’s veto. • KKK and violence in the South • Violated Tenure of Office Act, impeached but not removed.

  24. #18 Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877 • Republican, Union General, 2 scandal-ridden terms. • Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring • Crushed Klan activities in the South. • Jim Crow Laws in the South • Indian Wars out West, Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 • Completion of 1st Transcontinental RR. • Panic of 1873

  25. #19 Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881 • Republican • Compromise of 1877, End of Reconstruction • Munn v. Illinois 1877 • RR Strike 1877 • Knights of Labor Convention • Greenback Labor Party • Hayes clashes with Conkling, spoils system.

  26. # 20 James A Garfield, 1881 • Republican • Stalwarts & Half-Breeds • Booker T. Washington founds the Tuskegee Institute • Helen Hunt Jackson A Century of Dishonor • Assassinated by Charles Guiteau

  27. # 20 Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885 • Republican • Standard Oil Incorporated 1882 • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • Pendleton Act 1883 Patronage reform • Oklahoma Land Rush • Union Pacific RR Strike

  28. #22 Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889 • Democrat • Era of New Immigration begins • Haymarket Square Riot 1886 • Wabash v. Illinois 1886 • AF of L founded by Samuel Gompers 1886 • Interstate Commerce Act 1887 • Dawes Severalty Act 1887

  29. #23 Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893 • Republican, pro-business, high tariff • Jane Addams Hull House 1889 • NAWSA 1890 • Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890 • McKinley Tariff 1890 (49.5%!) • Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 • Ellis Island opens 1892 • Homestead Massacre 1892

  30. #24 Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897 • Democrat, non-consecutive terms • Panic of 1893, J.P. Morgan bails out the Government. • Cleveland refuses Hawaiian annexation 1893 • Eugene Debs forms American Railway Union  Pullman Strike 1894 • Coxey’s Army marches on D.C. • Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

  31. #25 William McKinley, 1897-1901 • Republican, Big Business candidate • New Imperialism (TR) and emphasis on Naval strength • Annexation of Hawaii • Open Door Policy • Assassinated in Buffalo, TR assumes the Presidency

  32. Spanish-American War 1898 • Spanish in Cuba, DeLome` Letter, USS Maine • Commodore George Dewey Manila Bay • Rough Riders (TR) in Cuba • Filipino rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo 1899 • Anti-Imperialist League • Treaty of Paris 1899: Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines $20 mil • Platt Amendment for Cuba

  33. #26 Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908 • Republican, The 3 C’s of the Square Deal • Northern Securities Case • TR intervenes in Coal Strike • Muckrakers • The Politics and Building of the Panama Canal • Hepburn Act • Antiquities Act , National Parks • Roosevelt Corollary, Gunboat Diplomacy • Panic of 1907, J.P. Morgan bailout

  34. #27 William H. Taft, 1909-1913 • Republican • Payne-Aldridge Tariff • Trust-Busting • Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • Dollar Diplomacy • Feud with TR • Election of 1912 (Taft, TR, Wilson, Debs)

  35. #28 Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921 • Democrat • 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments • Underwood Tariff 1913 • Federal Reserve Act 1913 • Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 • Federal Trade Commission 1914 • Espionage and Sedition Acts • Palmer Raids and Red Scare 1920

  36. World War I • WWI 1914-18 (1917-18 for US) • Nationalism, Alliances, Militarism and Assassination in Sarajevo. • Lusitania 1915, Sussex Pledge • Zimmerman Telegram • German Unrestricted Submarine warfare • AEF under Gen. Pershing • 14 Points, Treaty of Versailles Debate

  37. #29 Warren G. Harding, 1921-1923 • Republican, “Return to Normalcy” • Nativism, Immigration Quota Act 1921 • Teapot Dome Scandal • Washington Naval Conference • Ushers in Isolationism • Dies in Office

  38. #30 Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1929 • Republican, Pro-business policies “The business of American is business” • Consumerism • Immigration Act of 1924 (2% quota from 1890) • Scopes Monkey Trial 1925 • Sacco & Vanzetti executed 1927 • Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war 1928

  39. #31 Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933 • Republican • Black Tuesday Oct. 29th, 1929 • Global Depression • Hawley-Smoot Tariff hike 1930 • Reconstruction Finance Corporation…Limited Government intervention to relieve crisis • Bonus Army Marchers driven from D.C. 1932

  40. #32 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945 • Democrat, ushers in the New Deal (3 Rs), 100 Days • FDIC, AAA, CCC, TVA, NRA, WPA, etc, Social Security • Instills Confidence but limited recovery. • Schecter v. United States 1935, Confrontation with Supreme Court • 2nd New Deal, Keynesian Economics, Critics of FDR

  41. World War II • Appeasement towards Hitler, invades Poland 1939 • Japanese militarism, invasion of China 1930s • From Isolationism to Intervention: Neutrality Acts, Cash & Carry, Lend-Lease • Pearl Harbor  2-Front War • FDR’s leadership and industrial capacity win the war.

  42. European Theater 1942-45 • North Africa  Italy  France • FDR, Churchill, Stalin • Eisenhower’s leadership • Air Supremacy • D-Day, Battle of the Bulge • Liberation of Concentration Camps • V-E Day

  43. Pacific Theater 1942-45 • Coral Sea & Midway ‘42 • Island Hopping: Guadalcanal, Philippines, Iwo Jima, Okinawa • Firebombing Japanese cities • Hiroshima & Nagasaki ‘45

  44. #33 Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953 • Democrat, defeats Dewey in ‘48 • Potsdam  Hiroshima, Nagasaki • Desegregation of Armed Forces • Cold War Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift, NATO • Red Scare, Joseph McCarthy • Fair Deal

  45. Korean War 1950-53 • N. Korean communist invasion of South (38th parallel) • UN police action to restore statues quo • Clash with Chinese • Gen. MacArthur v. Truman • Restoration of South Korea, 36k US killed, 900k Chinese, 3 mil Koreans • Hot War within Cold War

  46. #34 Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961 • Republican, the 50s suburbanization, affluence • Earl Warren, Brown v. B.O.E. 1954 • Montgomery Bus Boycott ‘55-’56, Little Rock H.S. ’57, Sit-ins ’60 • Support for Diem in S. Vietnam • Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 • Sputnik, NASA, U-2 Incident ‘61 • Military Industrial Complex

  47. #35 John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963 • Democrat, New Frontier • Bay of Pigs ‘61, Flexible Response, Military Advisers in S. Vietnam • Berlin Wall ’61 • Cuban Missile Crisis ‘62 • MLK Birmingham, March on Washington ‘63 • Assassinated in Dallas, 11.22.63

  48. #36 Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1968 • Democrat • Great Society & War on Poverty • Gulf of Tonkin 1964, escalation in Vietnam, Tet Offensive ‘68 • Civil Rights Act ‘64, Voting Rights Act ‘65 • Race Riots, Anti-war demonstrations, Counterculture • Assassinations MLK, RFK • Chicago Riot Dem Convention

  49. Vietnam 1954-75 • US support for S. Vietnam ‘54 • Military Advisers ‘61 • Gulf of Tonkin Incident/Resolution ‘64 • Operation Rolling Thunder and escalation ‘65-68. • Tet Offensive ’68, Anti-War Movement • Vietnamization, Cambodia, Paris Peace Accords ‘73 • Fall of Saigon ‘75

  50. #37 Richard M. Nixon, 1968-1974 • Republican, Silent Majority • Peace with Honor, Vietnamization, Cambodian Incursion • Kent State Massacre ‘70 • Détente with Chinese & Soviets • Recession, Fuel shortages • Election of ‘72, Watergate • Executive Privilege battle and Resignation

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