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Travel Costs

Travel Costs. Lecture 14 October 16, 2002 12-706 / 73-359. Value - travel time savings. Many studies seek to estimate VTTS Can then be used easily in CBAs Book reminds us of Waters 1993 (56 studies) Many different methods used in studies Route, speed, mode, location choices

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Travel Costs

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  1. Travel Costs Lecture 14 October 16, 2002 12-706 / 73-359

  2. Value - travel time savings • Many studies seek to estimate VTTS • Can then be used easily in CBAs • Book reminds us of Waters 1993 (56 studies) • Many different methods used in studies • Route, speed, mode, location choices • Results as % of hourly wages not a $ amount • Mean value of 48% of wage rate (median 40) • North America: 59%/42%

  3. Government Analyses • Typically 40-60% of hourly rate in CBAs • US (FHA) 60% - Canada 50% • Again, travel versus leisure important • Wide variation: 1:1 to 5:1! • Income levels are important themselves • VTTS not purely proportional to income • Waters suggests ‘square root’ relation • E.g. if income increases factor 4, VTTS by 2

  4. Introduction - Congestion • Congestion (i.e. highway traffic) has impacts on movement of people & goods • Leads to increased travel time and fuel costs • Long commutes -> stress -> quality of life • Impacts freight costs (higher labor costs) and thus increases costs of goods & services • http://tti.tamu.edu/inside/hdv/programs/ama/mobility/study/report.stm (TTI report)

  5. Literature Review • Texas Transportation Institute’s 1999 Annual Mobility Report • 15-year study to assess costs of congestion • Average daily traffic volumes • Binary congestion values • ‘Congested’ roads assumed both ways • Assumed 5% trucks all times/all roads • Assumed 1.25 persons/vehicle, $12/hour • Assumed roadway sizes for 3 classes of roads • Four different peak hour speeds (both ways)

  6. Results • An admirable study at the national level • In 1997, congestion cost U.S. 4.3 billion hours of delay, 6.6 billion gallons of wasted fuel, thus $72 billion of total cost • New Jersey wanted to validate results with its own data

  7. New Jersey Method • Used New Jersey Congestion Management System (NJCMS) - 21 counties total • Hourly data! Much more info. than TTI report • For 4,000 two-direction links • Freeways principal arteries, other arteries • Detailed data on truck volumes • Average vehicle occupancy data per county, per roadway type • Detailed data on individual road sizes, etc.

  8. Level of Service • Description of traffic flow (A-F) • A is best, F is worst (A-C ‘ok’, D-F not) • Peak hour travel speeds calculated • Compared to ‘free flow’ speeds • A-C classes not considered as congested • D-F congestion estimated by free-peak speed • All attempts to make specific findings on New Jersey compared to national • http://www.njit.edu/Home/congestion/

  9. Definitions • Roadway Congestion Index - cars per road space, measures vehicle density • Found per urban area (compared to avgs) • > 1.0 undesirable • Travel Rate Index • Amount of extra time needed on a road peak vs. off-peak (e.g. 1.20 = 20% more)

  10. Definitions (cont.) • Travel Delay - time difference between actual time and ‘zero volume’ travel time • Congestion Cost - delay and fuel costs • Fuel assumed at $1.28 per gallon • VTTS - used wage by county (100%) • Also, truck delays $2.65/mile (same as TTI) • Congestion cost per licensed driver • Took results divided by licenses • Assumed 69.2% of all residents each county

  11. Details • County wages $10.83-$23.20 per hour • Found RCI for each roadway link in NJ • Aggregated by class for each county

  12. New York City RCI result: Northern counties generally higher than southern counties

  13. TRI result: Northern counties generally higher than southern counties

  14. Avg annual Delay = 34 hours! Almost a work Week!

  15. Effects • Could find annual hours of delay per driver by aggregating roadway delays • Then dividing by number of drivers • Total annual congestion cost $4.9 B • Over 5% of total of TTI study • 75% for autos (190 M hours, $0.5 B fuel cost) • 25% for trucks (inc. labor/operating cost) • Avg annual delay per driver = 34 hours

  16. Future • Predicted to only get worse • Congestion costs will double by 2015

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