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Understanding Pavlovian Conditioning in Behavioral Psychology

Delve into the world of Pavlovian conditioning, exploring the fundamentals, central players, and early experiments that shaped our understanding of this classical form of learning. Discover how conditioned stimuli evoke responses in organisms and how different experiments influence behavior. Gain insights into drug conditioning and the complex interplay between stimuli, responses, and outcomes.

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Understanding Pavlovian Conditioning in Behavioral Psychology

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  1. Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning

  2. Later Trials First Few Trials CS CS US US UR CR UR Time Example: “Bell” and Food CS = bell US = food UR = salivation CR = salivation

  3. CentralPlayers Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Initially “potent” – Initially elicits a response (inside or outside) Positive Emotion (inside and hidden) Food US Salivation (outside and observable) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Initially “neutral” – Does not initially trigger same response as does the US Lights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc. After pairings with the US, elicits a conditioned response

  4. Early Experiments • Stefan Wolfsohn: • Dog learns to salivate at the sight of sand before it is placed in the dog’s mouth • Anton Snarsky: • Dog learns to salivate at the sight of black liquid (acid) before it is placed in the dog’s mouth (Pavlov’s interpretation: “higher thinking!”)

  5. 1.What are the CS and US? • A pigeon pecks a light that signals the presentation of food

  6. Autoshaping (Sign Tracking) When a localized CS and a “pleasurable” US are paired, a CR is sometimes directed at the CS. Pigeons key light CS  food US CR: peck key light CS Rats insert lever CS  food US CR: lick lever

  7. Not Reward (Instrumental) Learning • Long-box autoshaping • Omission training

  8. Form of the CR in Sign Tracking US = Water (note the closed beak) US = Food (note the open beak) video From Jenkins & Moore, 1973

  9. Conclusions • 1. Conditioned behaviour is “evoked” by the CS, it is not “chosen” by the organism • 2. The situation, species, and procedures used can affect whether animals approach the CS or the US in appetitive conditioning.

  10. 2. What are the CS and US? • An addict goes into severe withdrawal after seeing the dealer’s door

  11. Drug Conditioning Trial 1 Pre-Drug CSs Drug US Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Euphoria heroin

  12. heroin Trial 2 Pre-Drug CSs Pre-Drug CSs Drug US Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Euphoria Compensatory Response

  13. heroin Trial 10 Pre-Drug CSs Drug US Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Euphoria Compensatory Response

  14. heroin Overdose and Death New Context Compensatory Response

  15. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia Pain tolerance Opioid-induced unconditioned hypoalgesia Opioids and Pain Tolerance Opioid administration

  16. Opiate Addiction Administration Withdrawal Hypothermia Increased Blood Pressure Chilliness and Gooseflesh Mydriasis Lacrimination Yawning and Panting Sneezing Restlessness • Hyperthermia • Decreased Blood Pressure • Skin Flushed and Warm • Meiosis • Drying of Secretions • Respiratory Depression • Antitussive • Relaxation

  17. Some Controlled Experiments • Mor-ROOM/Sal-CAGE • Morphine in a distinctive room • Saline in the home cage • Mor-CAGE/Sal-ROOM • morphine in the home cage • saline in a distinctive room • Saline • saline in both environments

  18. Test: No morphine in the distinctive room

  19. Conditioning Trials • Acquisition curve • Non-linear • Asymptote asymptote CR Strength Conditioning Trials

  20. Conditioning Occurs Over Trials

  21. Acquisition Extinction Extinction Strength of CR CS&US CS alone Trials/Time

  22. Extinction of Tolerance Group Extinction (M-P-M) 6 E-M 6 E-P Test E-M? Group No Extinction (M-rest-M) 6 E-M Rest in home Cage

  23. Extingished animals (tolerance is undone) Rested animals show a CR (more tolerant)

  24. Discrimination: Absenceof pre-drug CSs

  25. Heroin Overdose Death Rates

  26. Conclusions • 3. Conditioned responses can be “compensatory”, bringing the organism back to homeostasis

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