Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning

1. Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning

3. Later Trials First Few Trials CS CS US US UR CR UR Time Example: “Bell” and Food CS = bell US = food UR = salivation CR = salivation

4. CentralPlayers Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Initially “potent” – Initially elicits a response (inside or outside) Positive Emotion (inside and hidden) Food US Salivation (outside and observable) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Initially “neutral” – Does not initially trigger same response as does the US Lights, sounds, tastes, odors, etc. After pairings with the US, elicits a conditioned response

5. Early Experiments • Stefan Wolfsohn: • Dog learns to salivate at the sight of sand before it is placed in the dog’s mouth • Anton Snarsky: • Dog learns to salivate at the sight of black liquid (acid) before it is placed in the dog’s mouth (Pavlov’s interpretation: “higher thinking!”)

6. 1.What are the CS and US? • A pigeon pecks a light that signals the presentation of food

7. Autoshaping (Sign Tracking) When a localized CS and a “pleasurable” US are paired, a CR is sometimes directed at the CS. Pigeons key light CS  food US CR: peck key light CS Rats insert lever CS  food US CR: lick lever

8. Not Reward (Instrumental) Learning • Long-box autoshaping • Omission training

9. Form of the CR in Sign Tracking US = Water (note the closed beak) US = Food (note the open beak) video From Jenkins & Moore, 1973

10. Conclusions • 1. Conditioned behaviour is “evoked” by the CS, it is not “chosen” by the organism • 2. The situation, species, and procedures used can affect whether animals approach the CS or the US in appetitive conditioning.

11. 2. What are the CS and US? • An addict goes into severe withdrawal after seeing the dealer’s door

12. Drug Conditioning Trial 1 Pre-Drug CSs Drug US Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Euphoria heroin

13. heroin Trial 2 Pre-Drug CSs Pre-Drug CSs Drug US Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Euphoria Compensatory Response

14. heroin Trial 10 Pre-Drug CSs Drug US Dealer, copping corner, corner syringes, needles, cotton balls, lighters, rubber tying-off cords and stainless-steel spoons Euphoria Compensatory Response

15. heroin Overdose and Death New Context Compensatory Response

16. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia Pain tolerance Opioid-induced unconditioned hypoalgesia Opioids and Pain Tolerance Opioid administration

17. Opiate Addiction Administration Withdrawal Hypothermia Increased Blood Pressure Chilliness and Gooseflesh Mydriasis Lacrimination Yawning and Panting Sneezing Restlessness • Hyperthermia • Decreased Blood Pressure • Skin Flushed and Warm • Meiosis • Drying of Secretions • Respiratory Depression • Antitussive • Relaxation

18. Some Controlled Experiments • Mor-ROOM/Sal-CAGE • Morphine in a distinctive room • Saline in the home cage • Mor-CAGE/Sal-ROOM • morphine in the home cage • saline in a distinctive room • Saline • saline in both environments

19. Test: No morphine in the distinctive room

21. Conditioning Trials • Acquisition curve • Non-linear • Asymptote asymptote CR Strength Conditioning Trials

22. Conditioning Occurs Over Trials

23. Acquisition Extinction Extinction Strength of CR CS&US CS alone Trials/Time

24. Extinction of Tolerance Group Extinction (M-P-M) 6 E-M 6 E-P Test E-M? Group No Extinction (M-rest-M) 6 E-M Rest in home Cage

25. Extingished animals (tolerance is undone) Rested animals show a CR (more tolerant)

27. Discrimination: Absenceof pre-drug CSs

28. Heroin Overdose Death Rates

29. Conclusions • 3. Conditioned responses can be “compensatory”, bringing the organism back to homeostasis