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Reading Strategy I

Reading Strategy I. Using for word meanings. context clues.

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Reading Strategy I

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  1. Reading Strategy I • Using • for word meanings context clues

  2. When you read a comprehension text, you will probably find some words you don’t know. Sometimes you take time out to look up a new word in the dictionary, but doing that too many times slows down your reading. In fact, you can often figure out meanings for new words or expressions without using the dictionary. Look at the context of each word or expression – the sentence that the word or expression is in and the sentences that come before and after. It is usually possible to find hints or clues about its definition from the context.

  3. 1.1定义 •   定义是指作者在写作过程中对某一名词所做出的解释,用来说明该名词是什么,或是关于什么的。通过这种解释,读者可清楚地了解这一名词的具体意义。例如: • 1) The science of meteorology is concerned with the study of the structure, state and behavior of the atmosphere. (黑斜体部分是黑体词的定义,下同。)通过定义可知meteorology是一门研究大气结构、状态和属性的科学,即"气象学"。

  4. 2) The word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists ( people who study humankind ).通过定义可知anthropologists是研究人类的人,即"人类学家"。 •   表示定义的例子很多,在此不一一列举。但有必要将常见的表示定义的词语列举如下,以帮助读者很快地识别各种不同的定义:be, refer to, be referred to as, be spoken of as, mean, denote, be described as, be defined as, be thought of as, be known as, be called (named / termed), be taken to be等。有时括号、破折号等也可用来给出定义。

  5. 1.2重述 •   为使某一术语或生词的含义更加清楚,作者常采用一个常用词、词组或简洁的句子来加以重述。这种重述往往可在词的后边找到。例如: • 1) Holography, or three-dimensional photography, has many industrial applications. (黑体部分为生词或词组,黑斜体部分是对黑体词或词组的重述。下同。)在本例中,three-dimensional photography (三维摄影)比holography (全息照相术)更通俗易懂。 • 2) We will meet you in the foyer, the entrance hall of the theatre.在本例中, foyer意为the entrance hall of the theatre,即"(剧场的)门厅"。

  6. 1.3一般常识 •   在阅读中遇到生词时,我们往往可以根据自己的经验或用以了解某事物的一般常识来猜出其意义。例如: • 1) Robben is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. (黑斜体部分是推断黑体词词义的依据。下同。)不征求别人的意见就做出决定的行政人员一定是个"独断专行的"(autocratic)人。 • 2) Ann was so obtuse that she could not follow the teacher's reasoning and asked foolish questions. Ann跟不上老师的推理,问些foolish问题,这表明Ann是"迟钝的、愚笨的"(obtuse)。

  7. 1.4相关信息 •   有时,我们可根据某一生词或短语周围与之相关的信息来猜测其意义。例如: • 1) Knowing that the slightest mistake meant losing his job, the waiter carried the expensive wine glasses gingerly from the kitchen. (黑体部分为生词,黑斜体部分为相关信息。下同。)根据分词短语所提供的相关信息知道,甚至是最小的错误也会使他失去工作,可推测服务员在从厨房拿贵重的酒具时一定是"战战兢兢地"(gingerly)。 • 2) We decided to persevere rather than give up. rather than连接两个意义上对立的词语。因此,由give up (放弃)可知persevere意为"坚持"。

  8. 1.5举例 •   在许多情况下,例子可提供猜测生词词义的线索。例如: • 1) You can borrow these periodicals from the library: Nature, New Society, News Week, or the Listener. (黑体部分为生词,黑斜体部分为例子。下同。)冒号后所列举的都是期刊的名称,故periodicals意为"期刊"或"杂志"。 • 2) Monkeys are well-known for their grooming habits; they spend hours carefully cleaning bits of dirt and straw from their coats.猴子常花费几个小时仔细清理身上细小的脏物和杂草,这一实例表明了猴子的grooming (爱清洁的)习惯。 • 3) She is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye.通过other diseases of the eye可知glaucoma是一种眼病"青光眼"。

  9. 1.6比较 •   当我们对两种人或事物进行比较时,常常可以看出其相同点。作者往往利用比较手段使文章更加生动形象,使读者更加深入地了解文章的内涵。通过比较还可衬托出单词的含义。例如: • 1) His happiness vanished like the morning dew. (黑体部分为生词,黑斜体部分为比较结构。下同。)他的幸福像晨露一样很快就消失(vanished)了。 • 2) The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.雪还在下着,大片大片的雪花(flakes)像羽毛一样随风飘舞。

  10. 1.7对比 •   对比是指通过对两种人或事物的对比找出其不同点。作者往往运用此修辞手法来突出人物性格或事物特点,读者可通过对比来猜测生词词义。例如: • 1) Unlike his sister, who is a warm, interested person, John is apathetic to everyone and everything. (黑体部分为生词,黑斜体部分为对比结构。下同。)约翰不像妹妹那样是个热忱而感兴趣的人,他对一切人和事都漠不关心(apathetic)。 • 2) Although his parents were indigent, they somehow managed to provide Tommy with proper food and clothing.尽管Tommy的父母很贫困(indigent),还是设法为他提供像样的衣食。

  11. 3) He is usually loquacious, but tonight he is rather silent.他通常话很多(loquacious),但今晚却沉默不语。 •   表示对比的例子不胜枚举,仅举数例。表示对比的句子往往带有一个标示语,即从属连词、并列连词、介词或副词。常见的有:but, however, while, whereas, rather than, although, though, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, unlike, in contrast, on the other hand, instead (of)等。

  12. Reading Strategy II • Using • for word meanings word part clues

  13. 1.分割复合词 • 英语复合词是由两个或两个以上独立的词按照一定次序排列而成,复合词涉及面广,可渗透到政治、经济、文化、军事、科技等各个领域。多数复合词可通过分割法猜测其意义。但有些复合词不能按原来的单个词的意义简单相加,学习时要加以注意。例如: • Since I have a greenhouse, I can have fresh tomatoes all the year. (green + house→ greenhouse温室)我有个温室,因此我一年四季都能吃到新鲜的番茄。

  14. 2.分解混合词 •   有些词可由另外两个词的某个部分构成,如motel由motor中的mo-和hotel中的-tel构成,我们称这类词为混合词。将混合词分解成两个不同的词有助于提高猜测生词词义的能力。例如: • A heliport is a taking off and landing place for helicopters.(helicopter + airport→ heliport直升飞机场)直升飞机场是直升飞机起飞和降落的地方。 •   这类词还有:brunch(breakfast + lunch), comsat (communication + satellite), newscast (news + broadcast), telecast(television + broadcast)等。

  15. 3.理解转化词 • 英语中某一类词经过转化法可转化为另一类词,这类经过转化法转化而来的新词称为转化词。在阅读过程中,正确理解转化词也很重要。例如: • 1) The train is snaking its way through the mountains. (snake在本句中为动词,由名词转化而来,它可使读者具有身临其境的感觉。)火车像蛇一样蜿蜒穿行在群山之中。 • 2) The sailor roped himself to the rail to keep the sea from washing him off the desk. (rope在本句中为动词,由名词转化而来。)那名水手用绳索将自己绑在栏杆上,以免被海浪卷下甲板。

  16. 4.寻找词根 •   寻找词根是猜测生词词义的最佳办法之一,因为词根能反映一个词的基本意义。知道一个词的基本意义就不难猜测其正确意义了。例如: • That room is spacious enough to be a good place for the party.(spacious的词根为space,它可用尺寸和大小来形容,故可推测spacious一词意为"宽敞的"。)那个房间够宽敞了,是个举行宴会的好地方。

  17. 5.辨认前缀和后缀 •   辨认单词的前缀和后缀,了解其意义和作用,有助于猜测生词的词义。例如: • 1) Her weak eyesight disqualified her for the job. (dis-为否定前缀,意为"不……"。)她视力不佳,使得她无法胜任那份工作。 • 2) The introduction of new technology has brought economic prosperity to the area. (introduce+后缀-tion构成名词;economy+后缀-ic构成形容词;prosper+后缀-ity构成名词。)新技术的引进使该地区经济繁荣起来。

  18. 常见的英语前缀 • 1.反义前缀 • 1)表示否定意义的前缀 • a- = not, without表示"无"、"不" • a-+ symmetry (对称)→asymmetry不对称 • a- + typical (典型的)→atypical非典型的 • dis- = not, deprive of表示"不"、"剥夺"、"取消" • dis- + agree(一致,同意)→disagree不一致,意见不合 • dis- + arm(武装)→disarm解除武装

  19. dis-+approve (同意,批准)→disapprove不赞成,不准 • il-, im-, in-, ir-= not表示"非"、"不" • il- + literate(有读写能力的)→illiterate文盲的 • im- + possible(可能的)→impossible不可能的 • in- + valuable(有价值的)→invaluable无价的,非常珍贵的 • ir- + responsible(对……负责任的)→irresponsible不负责任的 • ir- + religious(宗教的,虔诚的)→irreligious无信仰的,不虔诚的

  20. 2)表示相反、对立意义的前缀 • anti-, counter-, with- = against, opposite to, back表示"反"、"对"、"往回" • anti- +warlike(好战的)→antiwarlike非好战的 • counter-+ measure(措施)→countermeasure对策 • counter- + attack(攻击)→counterattack反击 • with- + draw(移动)→withdraw离开,撤退,取消

  21. 3)表示错误意义的前缀 • mal- =badly表示"坏的"、"不良的" • mal-+ function(功能,作用)→malfunction机能失常,发生故障 • mal- +treat(对待)→maltreat虐待 • mal-+ nutrition(营养)→malnutrition营养不良 • mis- = wrongly, badly表示"误" • mis- + advise(劝告)→misadvise给予错误的劝告 • mis- + place(安放)→misplace误置,误放 • mis-+ understand(理解)→misunderstand误解

  22. 2.表示位置方向的前缀 • 1)a- = on, toward表示"在……之上"、"向着" • a- + shore(岸)→ashore在岸上 • a- + side(旁边)→aside在旁边 • 2)circum- = around表示"周围"、"环绕" • circum- + lunar(月球的)→circumlunar绕月旋转的 • circum- +polar(极地的)→circumpolar极地附近的

  23. 3)de- = down表示"向下" • de- + scend(上涌)→descend下降 • de- + grade(级别)→degrade降级 • 4)ex- = out表示"向外" • ex- + press(压)→express表达 • ex- +port(港口)→export向外运送,出口

  24. 5)fore- = before表示"先"、"前" • fore- + arm(手臂)→forearm前臂 • fore- + ground(背景)→foreground前景 • 6)inter- = between, among表示"之间" • inter- + national(国家的)→international国际间的 • inter-+ action(行动)→interaction互动 • inter- + net(网)→internet互联网

  25. 7)mid- = middle表示"中间的" • mid- + night(夜)→midnight半夜 • mid- + summer(夏天)→midsummer仲夏 • mid-+ term(学期)→midterm期中 • 8)post- = after表示"在……之后" • post- + war(战争)→postwar战后的 • post- + script(手稿)→postscript附笔 • 9)sub- = under表示"下"、"副" • sub- + marine(海洋的)→submarine海底的,潜水艇 • sub- + way(道路)→subway地铁 • sub- + title(标题)→subtitle副标题

  26. 3.表示数量的前缀 • 1)mono-, uni-= single表示"单一" • mono- + tone(音调)→monotone单调 • uni- +lateral(侧面的,旁边的)→unilateral单边的 • 2)bi- = double, two表示"两"、"双" • bi- + lingual(舌音的)→bilingual双语的 • bi- + monthly(每月一次的)→bimonthly双月的

  27. Trimeter • Tetrameter • Pentameter • Hexameter • Heptameter • octameter

  28. Where do the month names come from?

  29. When you look at September, October, November and December, it seems as if the Romans couldn't count! But their year used to start in March. When Julius Caesar reorganised the calendar and made it start in January, he kept the old names, apart from one month, which he called after himself. Augustus came after Julius Caesar and changed the name of another month.

  30. Jupiter - King of the Gods • Juno- Queen of the Gods • Neptune- God of the Sea • Pluto- God of Death • Apollo- God of the Sun • Diana- Goddess of the Moon • Mars- God of War • Venus- Goddess of Love • Cupid- God of Love • Mercury- Messenger of the Gods

  31. Minerva- Goddess of Wisdom • Ceres- The Earth Goddess • Proserpine- Goddess of the Underworld • Vulcan- The Smith God • Bacchus- God of Wine • Saturn- God of Time • Vesta- Goddess of the Home • Janus- God of Doors • Uranus- Father of Saturn • Maia- Goddess of Growth

  32. Flora- Goddess of Flowers (see Maia) • Plutus- God of Wealth (see Pluto) • Monsters • Cerberus- Watchdog of the Underworld(see Pluto) • Gorgon- Snake-haired, turns you to stone(see Minerva)

  33. 3)deci- = tenth表示"十分之一" • deci- + mal(形容词词尾)→decimal十进制的 • deci- + meter(米)→decimeter分米 • 4)hecto-, centi- = hundred, hundredth表示"百"、"百分之一" • hecto- + metre(米)→hectometre <英>(长度单位)百米 • centi- + meter(米)→centimeter厘米 • 5)kilo- = thousand表示"千" • kilo- + gram(克)→kilogram千克 • kilo-+ watt(瓦)→kilowatt千瓦

  34. 6)milli- = thousandth表示"千分之一" • milli-+ gram(克)→milligram毫克 • milli- + meter(米)→millimeter毫米 • 7)hemi-, semi- = half表示"半" • hemi- + sphere(球体)→hemisphere半球 • semi- + circle(圆圈)→semicircle半圆形 • semi- + conductor(导体)→semiconductor半导体

  35. 8)micro- = small表示"微小的" • micro- + wave(波)→microwave微波 • micro-+ economics(经济学)→microeconomics微观经济学 • micro- + analysis(分析)→microanalysis微量分析 • 9)macro- = large表示"大的" • macro-+effect(效应)→macroeffect宏观效应 • macro- + economics(经济学)→macroeconomics宏观经济学 • macro-+ molecule(分子)→macromolecule高分子

  36. 10)multi- = many, much表示"多的" • multi- + color(颜色)→multicolor多种颜色的 • multi-+ channel(渠道)→multichannel多通话线路的 • multi- + purpose(目的)→multipurpose多目标的,用途广的

  37. 英语中能改变词性的三个前缀 • 英语中的词缀(affix)分为前缀(prefix)和后缀(suffix)。后缀一般不会改变词根(root)的语义,只会改变词根的词性;而前缀基本上不影响词根的词性和其它语法范畴,只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制。然而,任何事情都有例外,英语中有三个前缀能改变词根的词性,它们分别是en-(在p, b, m前用em-),be-和a-。

  38. 1.en-加在一些名词前面,能够使该名词变为相应的动词,意思是"使处于……状态,使成为",如:enslave(v.使成为奴隶,奴役),empower(v.使能够,许可),endanger(v.使……处于危险之中,危害)等。en-也可以与形容词相结合,使该形容词变为动词,如:enlarge(v.放大,扩大),endear(v.使受喜爱),ensure(v.担保),enrich(使富裕),enable(v.使能够)等。1.en-加在一些名词前面,能够使该名词变为相应的动词,意思是"使处于……状态,使成为",如:enslave(v.使成为奴隶,奴役),empower(v.使能够,许可),endanger(v.使……处于危险之中,危害)等。en-也可以与形容词相结合,使该形容词变为动词,如:enlarge(v.放大,扩大),endear(v.使受喜爱),ensure(v.担保),enrich(使富裕),enable(v.使能够)等。

  39. 2.be-可以加在名词、形容词之前,使其成为相应的动词,如:befriend(v.把……当作朋友),becloud(v.遮蔽,弄乱),benumb(v.使麻木),becalm(v.使平静),belittle(v.贬低),befool(v.欺骗,愚弄)。be-也可以加在名词之前,使其成为带-ed的形容词,常带有轻蔑之意,如:bespectacled(adj.带眼镜的),benighted(adj.不觉天黑了的,愚昧无知的),bedrabbled(adj.被雨和泥弄脏了的)。2.be-可以加在名词、形容词之前,使其成为相应的动词,如:befriend(v.把……当作朋友),becloud(v.遮蔽,弄乱),benumb(v.使麻木),becalm(v.使平静),belittle(v.贬低),befool(v.欺骗,愚弄)。be-也可以加在名词之前,使其成为带-ed的形容词,常带有轻蔑之意,如:bespectacled(adj.带眼镜的),benighted(adj.不觉天黑了的,愚昧无知的),bedrabbled(adj.被雨和泥弄脏了的)。

  40. 3.a-主要用来使动词、名词变成表语性形容词,如:asleep(adj.睡着的),astray(adj.误入歧途的),3.a-主要用来使动词、名词变成表语性形容词,如:asleep(adj.睡着的),astray(adj.误入歧途的), • astir(adj.动起来,激动起来),afire(adj.燃烧着的),afoot(adj.在进行中,活动着,徒步的),alive(adj.活着的,在世的),awake(adj.醒着的),aloof(adj.远离的,冷漠的)。 •   这三个前缀的用法非常特殊,学习者对此要特别谨慎。

  41. 常见后缀及其含义 • 一、名词后缀 •   常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: • 1. -ster, -eer , -er(or)意为:参与某种职业或活动的人(the person engaged in an occupation or activity)例词:gamester, gangster, songster, engineer, profiteer, • mountaineer, auctioneer, driver, teacher, director, actor, professor

  42. 2. -let意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things)例词:booklet, leaflet, starlet • 3. -ette意为:1)小的东西(small things)例词:cigarette 2)假的东西(imitation)例词:leatherette 3)女性(female)例词:usherette • 4. -ess意为:女性(female)例词:actress, poetess, hostess, paintress

  43. 5. -hood意为:状态,时期(status, etc.)例词:boyhood, childhood, manhood • 6. -ship意为:身份,状态,技能,资格,品质等(skill, state, condition, status, quality, etc.)例词:leadership, friendship, membership, lectureship, sportsmanship • 7. -ful意为:量(the amount which noun contains)例词:cupful, handful, mouthful, spoonful • 8. -tion,-ion意为:1)状态,动作等(state, action, etc.)例词:action, oppression, possession, education, starvation 2)机构等(institution, etc.)例词:organization, foundation • 9. -ment意为:状态,行为,产物,手段等(state, behavior, etc.)例词:movement, enslavement, pavement

  44. 10.-al意为:……的动作(action)例词:arrival, refusal, revival, recital, removal • 11. -age意为:动作,程度,数量等(action, extent, amount, etc.)例词:wastage, coverage, acreage, shrinkage, breakage, hostage • 12.-ness, -ity(ty)意为:状态,性质,程度等(state, quality, etc.)例词:happiness, selfishness, kindness, rapidity, activity, faculty • 13. -ism意为:行为,特征,主义,学说等(behavior, doctrine, etc.)例词:organism, idealism, impressionism, absenteeism, racism

  45. 二、动词后缀 •   常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: • 1.-ify意为:使成为,使……化(to make into, to make or become)例词:beautify, diversify, simplify • 2.-ize,-en意为:使处于……状态,使……化(to make or become, to make into)例词:modernize, popularize, legalize, hospitalize, symbolize, ripen, widen, threaten • 3.-ate意为:产生,使成为(to make or become)例词:triangulate, hydrogenate, validate, differentiate

  46. 三、形容词后缀: •   常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: • 1.-ful意为:充满……的,有……特性的(full of, having, giving, etc.)例词:pitiful, hopeful, helpful, forgetful, thankful, fearful • 2. -less意为:没有,无,不(without, not giving)例词:speechless, harmless, hopeless • 3. -ly意为:有……特性的(having the quality of )例词:beastly, manly, brotherly, friendly • 4. -like意为:像……的(like)例词:childlike, doglike, homelike

  47. 5. -y,-ish意为:有……的,像……一般的(somewhat like)例词:meaty, sandy, silky, hairy, leafy, watery, foolish, girlish, blackish • 6. -some意为:引起……的,有……品质的(causing, having the quality of)例词:troublesome, burdensome, wholesome, tiresome, bothersome • 7. -able (-ible)意为:能……的,可以……的(able to be, capable)例词:changeable, readable, drinkable, comfortable, expansible, convincible • 8. -ed意为:有……的(having, etc.)例词:wooded, pointed, moneyed • 9. -al意为:有……特性的,……的(of nature of, typical of)例词:cultural, personal, regional, musical

  48. 10. -ary (-ory)意为:属于……的,与……有关的(belonging to, connected with)例词:revolutionary, imaginary, budgetary,contradictory • 11. -ous意为:具有……的,有……特性的,像……的(full of, having the quality of, like)例词:glorious, erroneous, malicious, gracious • 12. -ic (-ical)意为:具有……特质的,属于……的(typical of, belonging to)例词:historic, dramatic, heroic, historical, methodical • 13.-ive意为:有……属性的,有……倾向的(having the quality of, tending to)例词:attractive, talkative, restrictive, defensive, preventive, constructive, sensitive

  49. 四、副词后缀 •   常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下: • 1. -ly意为:以……方式(in a ... manner, etc.)例词:happily, boldly, attentively, strangely • 2. -ward(s)意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement)例词:onward(s), backward(s), homeward(s), eastward(s) • 3. -wise意为:1)按照……方式(in the manner of)例词:crabwise, clockwise • 2)就……而言( as far as ... is concerned)例词:weatherwise, luxurywise

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