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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Ideas, People, and Economics in Texas Politics. Changing Face of Texas. Population Growth in the 1990s Largest decade increase in state’s history – 3.9 million Growth in all 27 metropolitan areas, most of its counties, and most of its towns and cities

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Ideas, People, and Economics in Texas Politics

  2. Changing Face of Texas • Population Growth in the 1990s • Largest decade increase in state’s history – 3.9 million • Growth in all 27 metropolitan areas, most of its counties, and most of its towns and cities • Population became even more ethnically diverse • Population is aging • Effects of Population Growth • Workforce education • Demand for education • Demand for social and human services

  3. People of Texas: Native Americans • Four Traditions • Hunters and Gatherers: Coahuiltecan and Karankawan tribes • Plains Indians: Tonkawas, Kiowas, Kiowa Apaches, and Comanches • Puebloan Culture: Jumano • Semisedentary tribes: Wichitas, Caddoes

  4. People of Texas: Native Americans • Three Reservations remain • Alabama-Coushatta • Tigua • Kickapoo • Native Americans and politics • Gambling: Tiguas and Speaking Rock Casino

  5. People of Texas: Hispanics • Four institutions • Mission • Presidio • Rancho • Towns or civilian settlements • Small percentage of population until 20th Century • 1836, 7-8,000 • 1850, 14,000 (7 percent) • 1887, 83,000 (4 percent) • 1890 – 1910, population doubled • Late 1940s, Hispanics replaced African Americans as the largest ethnic minority

  6. People of Texas: Hispanics • Hispanics and Politics • 2,137 elected Hispanic officials in Texas by 2005 • Victor Carrillo (RRC) and David Medina (Texas Supreme Court) hold statewide elected offices • 37 Hispanics in the Texas Legislature • Largest number held school board positions

  7. People of Texas: African Americans • Early African American immigration • Inhabitants since Spanish rule • No more than 12 percent until 1836 • Increase after Texas independence—20 percent of population by 1840 • Bulk of Settlement—1836-1865 • Alabama, Virginia, Georgia, and Mississippi • By 1860, 13 counties had African American majorities • All located in East Texas • By 1887, 12 counties had majorities • By 1930, only 4 counties had majorities • By 1980, none of the counties had a majority

  8. People of Texas: African Americans • African Americans and Politics • 2001, 460 African Americans held elective office in Texas • Ninth in the nation in number of elected officials • Sixteen African Americans in legislature • 2005, three African Americans held statewide elected offices—Michael Williams (RRC) and Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice Wallace Jefferson and Associate Justice Dale Wainwright

  9. People of Texas: Asian Americans • Early Immigrants • Chinese who worked on railroads from 1869 to the 1880s • Early 1900s, Japanese to help with rice cultivation • Recent Immigrants • Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s • Largest number in Houston • Asian Americans and Politics • Few elected officials • House member Hubert Vo

  10. People of Texas: Anglos • Early Immigrants • 1815 – 1836, primarily upper Southerners from TN, KY, AR, NC • 1836 – 1865, primarily lower Southerners from AL, GA, MS, LA. • 1850, approximately equal in population • Settled different areas of Texas—lower Southerners in East and Southeast Texas • 1880s, West Texas settled by upper Southerners and lower Midwesterners (IL, KS, and IA)

  11. Contemporary Population • Population Growth • Nearly 21 million in 2000 census. Growth result of net in-migration and natural increase. Balance predicts high future growth rates. • Urbanization • 84 percent urban in 2000. • 27 metropolitan areas--91 percent of growth • Highest growth in central core and along the border with Mexico • Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas are among 10 largest cities in the United States

  12. Contemporary Population • Diversity • Hispanics made up 32 percent of the population in 2000, growing by 54 percent during last decade • African Americans made up 12 percent of the population, growing by 19 percent • Anglos increase by less than 10 percent • Population Projections • Anglos ceased to be a majority in 2004 • Hispanics will become largest ethnic group during the early 2020s • Hispanics become a majority by 2040

  13. Texas Population Projections

  14. Components of Texan Creed • Individualism • Reasons for immigrating • Texas Frontier era • Cowboy • Liberty • Reasons for Revolution of 1836 • The Alamo

  15. Components of Texan Creed • Constitutionalism and Democracy • Limitations on government • Bill of rights • Equality • Among Anglos based on property ownership • Slavery, segregation, and discrimination against minorities

  16. Political Ideologies • A political ideology is a consistent set of beliefs and attitudes about the scope and purpose of government. • Libertarians: Individualism • Populists: Equality and Social Order • Conservatives: Individualism and Social Order • Liberals: Equality and Individualism

  17. Political Ideologies Equality Individualism Individualism Liberty Ordered Liberty Social Order

  18. Economic Heritage • Cotton was basis for the first economy • Southern planters • Crop barged to Gulf of Mexico • Shipped to Europe or U.S. through New Orleans • Galveston was commercial center from 1840s to 1880s

  19. Economic Heritage • Cattle Kingdom dominated from late 1800s • Petroleum basis for Texas economy during much of the 20th century • Spindletop was first major discovery in 1901. • West Texas oil industry established in 1923. • East Texas field was largest find in 1930.

  20. Contemporary Economy • Since the 1980s, the Texas economy has become more diverse, more nationalized, and more globalized. • Diversity in products and economic activities • Nationalized because the Texas economy resembles the U.S. economy although grew at faster rate from 1990-2000 • Globalized in distribution of goods and economic competition

  21. Wealth and Poverty in Texas • Texas is one of the most unequal states in income distribution—3rd among the 50 states • Poverty more pronounced in Texas than in other states • Hispanics have highest poverty rates (25%) • African Americans have next highest rates (23%) • The distribution of income affects political involvement

  22. Income Differences, 2003

  23. An Income Tax for Texas • Arguments for an income tax • Fairer than sales tax or property tax • Deduction from federal income tax • Additional revenues for funding state’s programs • Arguments against an income tax • Higher tax burden for Texans • Harm Texas’s favorable business climate • Public opinion opposes an income tax

  24. An Income Tax for Texas • Kansas income tax rates, brackets, and deductions—brackets range from 3.5 percent to 6.45 percent adjusted gross income, no tax for family of four with income under $24,400. • Results in 2004: $16.4 billion in revenue. Lower school property taxes (.20/$100 assessed valuation), deductions on federal income tax ($1.6 billion), and $3.9 net cost to Texas tax payers. • Results by income group: lowest fifth: 6% less, middle fifth: .5% less; top fifth: 2% more.

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