AGE 322 (3 Units)

1. AGE 322(3 Units) AGRICULTURAL MECHANISATION Course lecturer: Engr. Dada P.O.O. Room 2 Gumel Building COLENG

2. What is Agricultural Mechanisation • Study of the manufacture, utilisation, distribution, repair and maintenance of all machines involving farming operations from land clearing to processing. • Use of farm machinery

3. FARM MECHANIZATION • Mechanization entails the use of farm machinery and facilities to maximize all farm inputs for optimum production. • To mechanize there is need to take note of the following: • There must be a suitable equipment developed for timely production of goods. • manufacturing and availability of machine spare parts must be adequate to meet needs of end users of such machinery. • Maintenance of such machinery is essential for productivity and enhanced profit making.

4. Effective utilization of the machinery (operators and technical staff must be available). • Favorable condition of use such as government policy, political frame work, financial obligation and seasoned professionals to handle vital aspect of mechanization are essential.

5. Aims of Mechanisation • To increase productivity • To remove farm drudgery • To improve on product quality • To reduce cost of labour • To increase income • Provision of employment opportunities • Improve livelihood of farmers

6. Demerits of Mechanization • Increases an individuals workload • Can be hazardous to health • Reduces social interaction associated with farm work.

7. Levels of mechanization • Human • Power rating(0.1 HP), • most primitive • Highly inefficient • High energy consumption • Low cultivated area • Animal • Power rating(1-5 HP) • Better than manual/human • Larger capacity for animal drawn tools • Prone to Tsetse fly infestation • Competition for meat/milk by humans Mechanical • Power rating(10-200HP) • More coverage of land • Highly efficient • High productivity • Expensive • Needs skilled labour

8. Other sources of Power • Solar • From the sun (continous, 3.41X106 Joules/m2 • Useful for: space heating, water heating and crop drying • Wind • Used with wind vanes • Nuclear • Clean source • Easily controlled • High power generation • Application through electric power • Biogas/Bioenergy • Renewable source of energy

9. The tractor • Tractors can be classified in terms of their capacity (power rating) and type (wheel, crawler etc). • Wheel type can be of two types namely Two-wheeled and four-wheeled. • Others include: earth moving types and industrial types. Power rating ranges from 1.3 to 150 HP

10. Selection of farm tractors To select appropriate size of farm tractors, the following must be considered. • Farm area to be cultivated • Type of crops to grow • Soil structure • Financial capability • Size of implement to be driven

11. Tractor as a Prime mover • Drives all other farm machinery • PTO for energy generation • Provision of Draft power for tillage tools through 3-hitch system • Used for trailing and transportation of farm produce • Hydraulic output for equipment lifting

12. Internal Combustion Engines • Burns fuel internally • Mixture of fuel and air • Power generated by the explosion of burnt mixture of fuel and air Common types Include: • Gasoline/Otto cycle • Diesel Engine

13. Engine parts • Stationary parts • Engine block • Cylinders • Cylinder head • Crankcase • Sump • Rotating parts • Crankshaft • Main bearings • Flywheel • Camshaft • Reciprocating parts • Piston • Connecting rods • Valves • Valve seats • Engine Accessories • Electrical system • Cooling system

14. DAILY CARE OF TRACTOR Check the Cooling System. • Remove the radiator cap and check the level of the coolant • If the level is below 5cm from the neck of the radiator refill the radiators to about 5cm of the radiator neck. • Check for leaks about radiator, radiator hoses and hose clamps • Remove trash collected on front of radiator screen Check the crankcase oil level • Check oil level position- don’t’ check the oil level while the tractors is running. • Add oil if needed: it is extremely important that you use a clean container and clean oil if you want the tractors to continue to give good service. Check the Battery • Check to see the cables are firmly connected to the terminals • Check the electrolyte level of each cell-add distilled water if necessary. • Check for corrosion on the battery terminals: clean if necessary. • Check the hold down clap, clamp firm it lose.

15. Check the Tyres: • Check the tyres for the right pressure recommended by the manufacturers. • Check side walls for cuts or breaks • Check treads for nails, stones etc. • Check fuel level: Add if necessary • Check the fuel system • Check hose for leaks • For diesel fuel system, check for drain cock on: • Bottom of fuel tank • Bottom of fuel filter • Top of sediment bowl. Open and drain about 1 pint of fuel to make certain that water and sediment are removed. • Lubricant with grease is not daily job but carry it out as regularly as recommended by the manufacturer. • Make sure your cloths are free from tears, bulging pockets, flayed edges and heavy cutts. Also wear shoes with heels and tight soles. • Check miscellaneous items: water for loose nuts bents brachets that need straightening worn parts that need replacing, loose or worn fan belts loose wheel etc.

16. Starting a Diesel type engine The following steps should be followed while starting the diesel engine: • Checks to see that gear shift lever is in neutral • Turn on fuel supply at fuel stop control but don’t open throttle. • Turn starter switch to on position • Depress clutch to ease starting load • Crank engine • Adjust throttle to moderately fast idling speed • Check oil pressure gage or warning light • Check ammeter or warning light to see if battery is charging • After one or two minutes adjust to higher idling speed • Reduce engine speed to a slow idle. • Check foot brakes and unlatch if in latched position • With the clutch still disengaged, move shifting levers into gear position that fits speed and power desired. • Check to make certain level have no riders and that all persons, livestock and obstructions are out of the way. • Increase engine speed slightly and gradually engage clutch –gradually open throttle to desired speed. • Disengage the clutch every time you change the gear.

17. Stopping Tractor Movement: • Reduce engine speed by retarding throttle setting. • Disengage clutch and move gear shift lever to neutral position. • Re-engage clutch • Press foot brake down and lock for packing • At all times it might be necessary to use the gear for packing when the tractor is facing down slope, put the reverse gear on. When the tractor is facing up the slope, put the first forward gear on. • TRACTOR OPERATION • Safety Procedures: • If you acquired a new tractor, keep it on light work for the first 25 -48hours. Avoid labouring the engine. • Don’t operate the independent foot-brake when traveling at high speed. • Don’t run on the highway without locking the foot-break pedals together. • Don’t wear-loose clothing near moving parts of a tractor engine or implements.

18. Don’t attempt to start the engine in gear. • Do not run the P.T.O. or Belt pulley (if any) without a guard. • Do not leave the starts key in the tractors unattended. • Do not swerve to turn sharply at speed • Do not press the clutch pedal suddenly on a slope or brake suddenly if running down hill. • Do not use the differential lock on the public highway • Do not make a sharp turn unless the differential lock is out of engagement. • Do not operate the tractor on dangerous steep ground. Be cautions on steep slopes, realizing that the sudden swing of a heavy implement, or the pull of a tractor can cause trouble. Use clutch brakes, throttle and steering cautiously. • Do not carry passengers on the tractors or linkages. • Do not turn with a projecting implement without making sure there is enough room for it. • Do not hitch trailed implements above the centre line of the rear-axle.

19. Starting and Stopping Procedures: Procedure Explanation 1) Pre-starting checks Checks water, fuel and crank case oil levels. Disengage clutch. set brakes. Put gears in neutral make visual observations on the tractor. 2) Switch on the engine This controls the starting exam some diesel tractors do not use a switch in the starting circle 3) Fuel cut-off in This T-handle or choke button type control off fuel when pulled out 4) Set the throttle 5) Start the engine The starter control may be on the switch, a button or a push-pull control. 6) Check oil pressure engage the clutch If the oil pressure does not come up to normal stop the engine and locate the trouble. 7) Warm up the engine Load should not be applied until the engine is warm. 8) Release brakes before moving Control tractor speed by gear selector and operate the engine at fall throttle. 9) Stop engine by closing the throttle and pulling fuel cut-off control. 10) Switch of the engine (if necessary)

20. Attributes of a Good Tractor Operator A good driver • Keeps his tractor clean. • Complete the daily service at close of work. • Enters up the work book daily at close of work • Check oil pressure and ammetes when starting theengines • Listen for any unsual noise from the engine • Reports immediately any defects, he cannot correct himself. • Does not allow anyone to ride on his tractor with implement. • Does not pull anything by the Top link. • Does not wear long loose clothing • Keep this fuel and containers clean. • Allows no light or smoking near the tractors when reduelling. • Know the correct hours to change engine oils filters etc. • Know when to service the air cleaner • Uses the right grade of oil for this services. • Keep the tyres at correct pressure. • Do not allow unauthorized person to make adjustment on the tractor • Does not touch the diesel at injection pump in the injectors • Keep space filters, fan belts and hoses. • Obeys the high way code at all times • Takes pride in his work.

21. IMPLEMENT MAINTANANCE • The tractor driver is responsible for opening implements or machine which he used with or tractor. • All implements or machines titled with grease implies regaire grease twice daily or every 5hrs. • The oil level in gear boxes of P.T.O or pulley drives replacement or machine should be checked twice daily. • All nuts and bolts should be checks for tightens twice daily. • All tyre pressure should be checked daily • Adjustment of rubber belts or P.T.O drivers implements should be checked daily. • The hoses and nozzles of sprayer must be checked frequently when in use for leaks or blockages. The coupling and adjustment of 3 pt linkages • Leveling arm • Lift arm • Check chain • Draft control level: soil engaging implement • Position control level: for min engagement implement.

22. Regular Maintenance of a Tractor • Faulty Exhaust: Excessive noise causing in-convenience/fatigue for operator. • Incorrect air filter maintenance: allow dust particle to enter engine, accelerating wear with engine component e.g. piston rings, lines, which causes excessive oil consumption and drop in engine power. • A blocked air filter will reduce engine power • Engine cooling system: A block radiator (externally or internally) will cause engine to over heat with consequential reduction or power and possibly, damage to engine components. The radiators cap prevents entry of dirt and helps maintaining correct operating temperature. • Dirt or water in fuel system due to impure fuel mixing.fuel tank cap, improper filter maintenance causes rapid wear (damage to fuel pumps and injectors which results in erratic engine running. • Engine Maintenance: Regular renewal of oil and filter is essential to avoid premature wear of internal components.

23. Farm Machinery Management A farms economic success is largely determined by proper management of the farm fields machines. Machinery management implies a thorough knowledge of the following • Mechanical principles and limitation of the machine • Efficient operations in the field • Appropriate machine maintenance • Timely repair and replacement • Selection of a machine system • Economic analysis of actual or proposed management activities

24. Aspects of Farm machinery Management • Field Operations • Calibration of equipment • Loss determination • Field Adjustments • Repair and maintenance • Preventive maintenance • Field Patterns • Circuitous • Continuous • Headland

25. Power outlets • Power Take Off • For driving rotary equipment • Speeds: 546 or 1000 rpm The number of splines determines the speed • Drawbar power DBP= PV/3.6 (KW) where V is in Km/hr, P is in KN Either single linkage or 3 point linkage • Electrical power • Alternator driven on engine power. Charges by battery • Hydraulic power • For lifting implements, tipping and power steering

26. Hitch system • A system of attaching and coupling implement or tool to tractor • Types of hitching Arrangement • Pulled/Towed ( single point attachment) • Mounted (Three point linkage). Has advantage of lifting the whole equipment from the ground eg. Mower

27. Example on field Efficiency • Evaluate the efficiency of work

28. Class Exercise: • A three bottom 40 cm molboard plow is mounted on a tractor and used for plowing a field at speed of 4.5 km/hr. if the field performance index (field efficiency) is 0.752. Determine the actual field capacity and the theoretical field capacity? First determine the Cth, then calculate Cact Factors determining the field capacity of a machine • Field efficiency • Width of plow • speed of plowing

29. Agricultural Mechanization Strategy (AMS) • AMS involves creating a policy, institutional and market environment in which farmers and other end users choose farm power and equipment suitable for them within a sustainable delivery and support system. • Policies are established by government to achieve objectives while strategies defines the way in which policies are implemented. • Key policies that influence agricultural mechanization: • Subsidies: • Could be direct or indirect in form of pure income transfer, negative tax or off-budget assistance • It could occur in as a targeted one-time lump sum cash payment, • Provision of credit, foreign exchange or specific inputs such as fuel/fertilizer etc • Subsidies helps redistribute income to the poor and improve economic efficiency and resource allocation where markets don’t function well. • Used to protect infant industries • Aids adoption of improved and new technologies • However if poorly managed it can lead to economic distortions/misapplication of resources leading to political instability.

30. Credit for Agricultural mechanization • This can be sought for purchase of farm machinery. • Good access to credit and exchange through commercial banks to import equipment and establish stock service and maintenance facilities. • Schemes like hire purchase or finance lease involving commercial banks devoid of Govt. should be advocated Taxes and duties • They are considered as negative subsidies • Major argument is of taxes and duties on imported tools and machinery is that if food imports are free of taxes and duties then their input to produce should be free. Private, corporate or government ownership • Private ownership is the only way to ensure efficient mechanization • Corporate ownership has failed because of management problems • Government operated machinery hire services are directly and indirectly subsidized by tax payers and may not provide a cost effective private sector

31. Policies Contd • Input and output prices The cost of input such as fertilizer, seed , labour, fuel, prices of agric products and machinery are important for a farmer in deciding what to produce, what technology to apply and how much technology of it. Porposed technology must be attractive financially to farmer. Farm gate prices and border prices must be compared to see if the technology adopted is viable or not. • Public Investment • Includes supporting Institutions and services • Research and development • Education • Training and extension support services like veterinary • Supply System: importation, repair/maintenance, local manufacturing. Govt can provide assistance if necessary

32. Cost analysis • Machinery costs divided into two namely: • Fixed cost (Independent of use) • Machinery investment • Taxes • Housing • insurance • Variable cost (Associated with use) • Fuel, Lubrication, Maintenance, Labour

33. Depreciation • Straight Line Method • Declining Balance method • Sum of the year-digits method • Estimations of Depreciation • Service life: Physical life • Accounting life: Predicted life • Economic life:

34. Equipment Selection • Implement performance • Timeliness • Power availability • Labour • Machinery Selection • Performance Characteristics • Costs • Operation