NATURALISTIC INQUIRY: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OVERVIEW

1. NATURALISTIC INQUIRY: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OVERVIEW CLASS 2 Judith Anne Shaw, Ph.D., R.N. September 17, 2008

2. DEFINE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • A way to: • GAIN INSIGHTS THROUGH DISCOVERING MEANINGS • SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATIONS • UNIQUE TERMS & METHODS OF REASONING

4. LOGIC OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Holistic world view • not a single reality • reality is different for each person • reality is based on perceptions • reality changes over time • what we know is situation & context bound

5. REASONING PROCESS PERCEPTION: • PIECES TOGETHER TO MAKE WHOLES • MEANING IS PRODUCED • MANY DIFFERENT MEANINGS ARE POSSIBLE

6. PURPOSEQUALITATIVE RESEARCH • The formation of new gestalts and sometimes to generate new theories.

7. GESTALT • KNOWLEDGE ABOUT A PARTICULAR PHENOMENON • ORGANIZED INTO A CLUSTEROF LINKED IDEAS.

8. WHY FORM A NEW GESTALT • To see the phenomenon from a new perspective, thus gain new meaning.

9. GESTALT A person has an initial way of perceiving (or ‘seeing’) • naïve and inflexible • one and only way of seeing (Ihde, 1977)

10. An Initial Gestalt ‘Seeing’ occurs - within a specific context of beliefs

11. An Initial Gestalt SEDIMENTED VIEW (natural view) SEEING THINGS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A SPECIFIC FRAME OF REFERENCE, THEORY OR WORLD VIEW.

12. EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE DECONSTRUCT • INITIAL SEDIMENTED VIEW SUSPEND OR LAY ASIDE WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT AN EXPERIENCE

13. EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE RECONSTRUCT ANOTHER VIEW

14. RECONSTRUCT ANOTHER VIEW • CHANGE YOUR FOCUS • USE INTUITION • NEW GESTALT ATTAINS STABILITY OVER TIME • YOUR PERCEPTION IS NO LONGER NAÏVE, CAN SEE IN MORE THAN ONE WAY

15. EXPERIENCING GESTALT CHANGE SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION ADDITIONAL INCREASE IN OPENNESS

16. SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION • VIEWING DEEPER LAYERS OF A PHENOMENON • SEE MORE DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY • MULTISTABILITY, GREATER CONTROL • “ASCENDANCE TO THE OPEN CONTEXT” (Ihde, 1977)

17. Experiencing Gestalt Change

18. Experiencing Gestalt Change

20. STRONG TRADITION QUESTION IDEAS SEEK NEW PERSPECTIVES ABLE TO VIEW PATIENT FROM SEVERAL PERSPECTIVES SEDIMENTED VIEW DECONSTRUCT RECONSTRUCT SECOND-ORDER DECONSTRUCTION“ASCENDANCE TO THE OPEN CONTEXT” CHANGING GESTALTS IN NURSING

21. PHILOSOPHY & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • EACH QUALITATIVE APPROACH IS GUIDED BY A PARTICULAR PHILOSOPHY STANCE OR PARADIGM

22. PARADIGM ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK • A SET OF ASSUMPTIONS OR VALUES THAT UNDERLIE HOW SCIENTISTS VIEW REALITY, TRUTH, AND RESEARCH

23. PHILOSOPHY & QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • PHILOSOPHY DIRECTS: • THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS ASKED • OBSERVATIONS MADE • INTERPRETATION OF DATA

24. OPENNESS SCRUPULOUS ADHERENCE TO A SPECIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE THOROUGHNESS IN COLLECTING DATA DURING THEORY DEVELOPMENT DECONSTRUCTION RIGOR (TRUSTWORTHINESS)

25. Logic of emerging theory Clarity with which it sheds light on the studied phenomenon Reconstruction Ascendance to the open context-see more depth and complexity within the phenomenon RIGOR (TRUSTWORTHINESS)

26. MAINTAINING OPENNESS REQUIRES DISCIPLINE

27. MAINTAINING OPENNESS • EXAMINE MANY DIMENSIONS OF AREA BEING STUDIED • FORM NEW IDEAS (RECONSTRUCTION) • RECOGNIZING NEW RECONSTRUCTION AS ONLY ONE OF MANY VIEWS/WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA

28. PAUSE FOR A MOMENT

29. APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH • PURPOSE: to examine meaning

30. PURPOSE to examine meaning

31. Philosophy directs the selected research approach

32. UNIT OF ANALYSIS • the basic unit or focus of a researcher’s analysis.

33. UNIT OF ANALYSIS Individuals/ Aggregates: WORDS OBSERVATIONS ARTIFACTS

34. SELECTED QUALITATIVE APPROACHES • Phenomenology • Ethnography • Grounded Theory • Historical

35. Phenomenology • Philosophical Orientation • not a single reality-each individual has his/her own reality • reality is subjective; the experience is unique to the individual

36. Phenomenology • PURPOSE: TO DESCRIBE THE EXPERIENCES AS LIVED • TO CAPTURE THE “LIVED EXPERIENCE” OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS.

37. Phenomenology • HOW TO: • Identify the phenomenon of interest and explore with the participant the meaning of the phenomenon.

38. Phenomenology • Sampling: purposive • Data Collection: varies; observation, interactive interviews, narratives, video-tapes and written description by participants

39. Phenomenology Data Collection: • varies (observation, interactive interviews, narratives, video-tapes and written descriptions)

40. Phenomenology • Data Collection: Collect data until meet saturation

41. Phenomenology Data Analysis • Themes related to the phenomenon are identified

42. Phenomenology Data Analysis • begins when the first data are collected • goodness (rigor) of the data can be demonstrated by examples of the data; often direct quotations

43. Phenomenology • RESULTS: • theoretical statements responding to the research question • identification of themes which describe the phenomenon

44. Phenomenology • Nursing Faculty who have used this research method include: • Patti Hansen-Ketchum • Angela Gillis • Judith Shaw • Judith Cormier • Patricia Hawley

45. ETHNOGRAPHY PHILOSOPHICAL ORIENTATION: • the major concept, CULTURE (and subcultures) is explored • rather than an adequate theoretical description • ‘roots’ are in social anthropology

46. PURPOSE • to discover the meaning that actions and events have for the individuals of a culture (subculture) • to develop a “thick description”

47. THICK DESCRIPTION To make explicit the detailed patterns of culture and social relationships within the context

48. ETHNOGRAPHY • HOW TO: • study human behaviour in the context of a culture • start by asking broad, open-ended questions

49. ETHNOGRAPHY • Sampling: purposive; work with ‘key informants’ representative of the group under study

50. ETHNOGRAPHY Data Collection: • Participative observation; interviews, life histories, films, photographs • Collect data until meet saturation saturated data are rich, full & complete