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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. The function of the reproductive system is to produce gametes. It consists of gonads, ducts, and accessory structures. Male Structures. Scrotum. Pouch of skin containing the testicles Divided into two sacs by a septum marked externally by a raised ridge, the raphe

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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  1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The function of the reproductive system is to produce gametes. It consists of gonads, ducts, and accessory structures.

  2. Male Structures

  3. Scrotum • Pouch of skin containing the testicles • Divided into two sacs by a septum marked externally by a raised ridge, the raphe • Dartos - smooth muscle layer that wrinkles scrotal sac • Cremaster - skeletal muscle that pulls testicles close to body thus regulating temperature

  4. Testicles • Paired, oval-shaped gonads in the scrotum • Descend through inguinal canal in development • Produce sperm and testosterone • Tunica albuginea surrounds each testicle; internally forming lobules • Seminiferous tubules produce sperm • Interstitial cells produce testosterone • Sertoli’s cells / Rete testis

  5. Epididymis • Coiled tube consisting of head, neck and tail • Located on the posterior, lateral side of the testicle • Stores immature, nearly nonmotile sperm

  6. Ductus Deferens • Vas deferens • Muscular tubes that form part of spermatic cord • Extends through inguinal canal, into the pelvic cavity then up,over and behind the bladder • Contraction of smooth muscle propels sperm from epididymis into the urethra • Ampulla - terminal portion

  7. Ejaculatory Duct • Ejaculatory duct ejects semen and sperm into the urethra • Formed from the fusion of terminal portion of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicles

  8. Urethra • Part of the urinary and reproductive system • Transports urine and semen to exterior • Extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis • Divided into three regions: prostatic, membranous,and spongy (cavernous)

  9. Accessory Structures • Seminal vesicles - paired glands located posterior to the bladder that produces viscous, alkaline secretions containing fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting factors • Prostate gland - located at the base of the bladder; produces milky,alkaline substance that enhances sperm motility and viability • Prostatitis / Prostate cancer • Prostate- specific antigen

  10. Accessory Structures • Bulbourethral glands - produces fluid that lubricates penis and neutralizes urinary acids; located at the base of the penis • Cowper’s gland • Semen - composed of 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, 10 % sperm and various secretions

  11. Penis • Male,copulatory organ • Consists of root, shaft, and glans penis • Covering the glans penis is the prepuce or foreskin (circumcision) • Consists of three masses of erectile tissue • corpus spongiosum (1) • corpus cavernosa (2)

  12. Semen Analysis • Normal discharge - 2-6 ml/ejaculate • Sperm count - 50-100 million/ml • Morphology - < 35% abnormal • Motility - 60% exhibit forward motility • Sterility - less than 20 million sperm/ml • Survival - 48 hrs. after ejaculation

  13. Female Structures

  14. Ovaries • Paired almond-shaped structures located on each side of the uterus which are held in place by the ovarian and suspensory ligaments • Produce ova and the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone • Covered by layer of germinal epithelium (parietal peritoneum) and tunica albuginea

  15. Uterine Tubes • Oviducts / Fallopian tubes • Transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus • Normal site of fertilization • Ampulla terminates in funnel-shaped structure called infundibulum • Fimbriae • Takes 3 days for egg to travel length of tube

  16. Uterus • Pear-shaped muscular structure located superior to the bladder • Consists of fundus, body, and cervix • Serves as site of menstruation and houses developing fetus • Uterine wall composed of three layers • perimetrium, middle myometrium, inner endometrium (stratum funtional and basalis)

  17. Vagina • Tube-like structure extending from the cervix to outside • Serves to receive semen and sperm from penis • Functions as the birth canal and passage way for menses

  18. External Genitalia - Vulva • Mons pubis • Labia majora, labia minora • Clitoris • Vestibule consists of urethral and vaginal opening, greater vestibular glands • Perineum/clinical perineum • Episiotomy

  19. Mammary Glands • Modified sweat glands present in both sexes • Functional only in the female • Purpose is production and ejection of milk • Alveoli cells secrete the milk and are clustered into lobules • Each lobe drained by a lactiferous duct, dilating to form a lactiferous sinus • Nipple and areolar

  20. Reproductive Physiology

  21. Meiosis • Compared to mitosis • Chromosome number reduced • Crossing- over occurs between homologous chromosome • Four new haploid daughter cells produced • Meiosis I ( Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs in prophase I) • Meiosis II (similar to mitosis)

  22. Spermatogenesis • Production of (n) sperm • Occurs in the seminiferous tubules • Spermatogonia • Primary/secondary spermatocytes • Spermatids • Spermatozoa • Head, Acrosome, Midpiece, Flagellated tail

  23. Oogenesis • Production of (n) secondary oocyte • Occurs in the ovary • Oogonia • Primary oocyte (present at birth, arrested in prophase I) • Secondary oocyte (ovulated, arrested in metaphase II) • Meiosis II completed after fertilization

  24. The Menstrual Cycle Menstrual Phase Pre-ovulatory Phase Post-ovulatory Phase

  25. Menstrual Phase • Day 1-5 • FSH causes follicles in ovaries to enlarge • Loss of functional endometrium due to decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone

  26. Pre-ovulatory Phase • Day 6-14 • Time between menses and ovulation • Follicular phase (ovaries) • Growth and development of ovarian follicles due to increase in FSH • Maturing follicles begin to secrete estrogens • Proliferative phase (uterus) • Growth and repair of endometrium • Ovulation occurs Day 14 due to LH surge

  27. Post - Ovulatory Phase • Day 15-28 • Follicle converts to corpus luteum under the influence of LH • Corpus luteum secretes progesterone thus influencing endometrium • Secretory phase • Secretions and preparatory changes in enodmetrium occur to receive potential embryo

  28. Menopause • Cessation of menstruation • Occurs 45-55 of age • Ovaries fail to respond to FSH • Number of remaining follicles decreased • Estrogen levels decline • Regression of organs occurs • Hot flashes and mood swings common

  29. Female and Menstrual Disorders • Menarche • Amenorrhea / Dysmenorrhea • Hysterectomy • Oophorectomy • Endometriosis • Toxix shock syndrone • Premenstrual syndrone (PMS)

  30. Sexual Response • Four stages of sexual intercourse: • Arousal - tactile stimulation leads to parasympathetic impulses to sacral region causing vasocongestion and secretion • Plateau - sexual flush due to cutaneous vasodilation • Orgasm - intense feelings of pleasure,muscle contractions, and male ejaculation • Resolution - aroused systems relax

  31. Birth Control Methods

  32. Sterilization • Vasectomy • Tubal ligation

  33. Hormonal Methods • Oral contraceptives • Norplant • Depo - provera

  34. Mechanical / Barrier Devices • Intrauterine device (IUD) • Condom • Diaphragm • Cervical cap • Female condom

  35. Other Methods • Rhythm method • Coitus interruptus

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