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Human Elective

Population-migration/urban problems. Human Elective. Explain the following terms:. Emigration Immigration Refugee Asylum seeker Donor country Host country. Push factors Pull factors Barriers to migration Forced/voluntary Internal International.

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Human Elective

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  1. Population-migration/urban problems Human Elective

  2. Explain the following terms: • Emigration • Immigration • Refugee • Asylum seeker • Donor country • Host country • Push factors • Pull factors • Barriers to migration • Forced/voluntary • Internal • International

  3. Effects of rural –urban migration(developed) BMW- GDA- • BRAINDRAIN-ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE AGE GROUP LEAVING.GREYING POP LEFT BEHIND-rural depopulation • AMALGATION OF SERVICES-P.O,SCHOOLS,BUSES • ABANDONMENT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND • LOWERING BIRTH,MARRIAGE RATES • POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISOLATION • Remember push factors • URBAN SPRAWL-growth of dormitory towns (few high rise buildings in Dublin)-commuters • Increased cost of living • TRAFFIC CONGESTION • PRESSURE ON SERVICES • HIGH POPULATION DENSITY • ECONOMIC IMBALANCE • INWARD MIGRATION OF YOUNG,SKILLED WORKERS. • Remember pull factors

  4. Effects of rural-urban migration(developing) Rural India Kolkata • Migration of young people,elderly left behind. • Less pressure on the land • Lowering of marriage and birth rates • Rural depopulation • Growth of mega cities-Mumbai(20m),Kolkata(16m) • Urban sprawl • Pressure on services-water,sewage,refuse, transport. • Development of bustees/pavement dwellers-very high poulation density • Child labour • Social stratification

  5. Impact of migration on donor and host countries-positive Donor Host • Remittance home-especially poorer countries. • Bringing home learnt skills-benefit local economy eg.medicine-nurses doctors,education etc • Solution to unemployment in donor country,less people on social welfare. • Need workers -skills shortage(nurses),unskilled workers lower paid(waitresses) Ireland 2005 needed 45,000-construction workers. • New market for businesses here-taxes,need services goods etc. • Ethnic diversity-multicultural society, enhance us less conservative

  6. Negative effects Donor Host • Braindrain of best skilled,youngeg.Poland one doctor skilled in particular area nobody to replace. • Smaller home market-ones with disposable income • Rural depopulation-leading to closure of services for pop left behind. • Pressure on services(hospitals) • Exploitation-lower paid etc-Irish ferries • Integration-racism • Schools-language • Also see notes on economic & cultural effects of membership of E.U.

  7. Problems can develop from the growth of urban centres-developed and developing world.

  8. Urban problems Urban sprawl Traffic congestion

  9. Urban problems and solutions pg: • Traffic congestion • Urban sprawl,urban decay and the absence of community • Heritage issues • Environmental quality

  10. Traffic movement and congestion-causes pg.87/88 • Inadequate public transport system-needs to be integrated • Car dependent society,Increase in car ownership-Dublin pop of 1.6 million-most heavily populated county in Ireland-nodal/ focal point(over 402 cars per 1,000 people in Ireland) • Economic growth-greater number of H.G.V • Commuters-dormitory towns(highest rate in E.U)-urban sprawl-cost of living in Dublin • Effects-social,economic,environmental problems-noise,safety,loss of profits,air pollution

  11. Strategies /solutions • Congestion charge-london 2003(reduced traffic by 30%) • Permit system-mexico city-no drive days depending on digit of your plate-unsuccessful • Strategies in Ireland under planning : Transport 21(2005-2010) and N.D.P.

  12. Solutions cont. • Traffic management methods: Ban on HGV through Dublin city centre at certain times -2007 Port tunnel(2006) Removal of toll on M50 Widening/upgrading of M50 New interchange at red cow roundabout Other measures-roundabouts,by-passes,park and ride

  13. Solutions cont. • A well Integrated efficient ,reliable and cheap public transport system contributes to lowering traffic congestion- Luas(2004),Dart,Bus lanes-QBC ,Metro North(postponed due to downturn in the economy) New leap card Cycle to work scheme,bicycle lanes Bike rental operation-Dublin Bikes-self service bike rental system-42 stations,pay using a smartcard-extremely successful. Dublin Bike Rental

  14. Urban sprawl-pg.91,92 • Urban sprawl is the rapid spread of housing from cities into the surrounding countryside. • 2006 Dublin was cited by the E.E.A as an example of the worst case of urban planning. • Dublin has nearly the same surface area as Los Angeles (4 million pop). • Copenhagen has ½ land area of Dublin yet the same pop-Dublin has 8 houses per hectare-low compared to Europe. • Dublin “all over Leinster”

  15. Urban sprawl • Reasons for urban sprawl- • Rural to urban migration • Immigration • Economic growth • Increase in car ownership-commuter belt. • Overspill of pop need to be accomodated

  16. Urban sprawl-consequences • Rezoned farmland-new ”cash crop” during the boom.land on the edge is rezoned for residential,commercial and industrial use.Small villages on edge swallowed up-Tallaght and Swords.Division between rural and urban becomes blurred. • Monotonous suburban area-Concrete jungle of housing estates. • Increased traffic congestion-fromcommuter belt. • Pressure on services-waste disposal,sewerage,telecommunications and water supplies.

  17. Consequences of sprawl for rural areas. • Loss of agricultural land • Loss of wildlife habitats • Loss of ancient monuments and historic landscapes(carrickmines castle m50) • Growth of dormitory towns.

  18. Urban problems Urban decay Absence of community

  19. Urban problems Urban decay Absence of community • Old inner city buildings in need of demolition or repair. • Many problems-heating,damp,unemployment,crime,vandalism.anti social behaviour • New sprawling housing estates-young move, older left behind-ageing population-leading to areas of urban decay. • Commuters too tired to get involved in community in housing estates-some of these now “ghost estates”

  20. Solutions to urban problems Urban renewal Urban redevelopment • Replaces ,upgrades decaying buildings,landuse is not changed. • Case study-Ballymun pg.90,98 • Moyross in limerick • People rehoused, old buildings demolished and rebuilt for commercial use. • Paris –schema directeur • Docklands in most cities-quays in Waterford IFSC in Dublin along the Quays. • NDP and NSS-gateways and hubs

  21. solutions Ballymun regeneration Paris-schema directeur

  22. Urban solutions National spatial strategy 2002-2020 Balanced regional development Gateways and hubs New towns-Adamstown

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