Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Chemistry 101

2. ISOTOPES • Atomic nuclei are unstable and the isotopes that contain them are radioactive. • A radioactive isotope is called a radionuclide.

3. Radioactive Decay • Radioactive decay is the transformation of the nucleus, a decaying nucleus ejects small particles into space, or it may also emit a powerful radiation like an X ray called a gamma ray. • Transmutation is the conversion of one isotope into another.

4. A natural radiation is called alpha radiation, which consists of a stream of particles called alpha particles that move with a velocity about one-tenth of the speed of light. Natural Radiation

5. Cosmic Rays

6. Beta radiation is also a natural radiation that consists of particles called beta particles, which are actually electrons. Beta Radiation

7. Continued… • The beta particles are produced in the nucleus and then emitted, they can penetrate matter, including air, more easily than alpha particles.

8. Gamma radiation is the energy lost by the nucleus usually carried away by the moving particles, like in X rays or ultraviolet rays, but with more energy. Gamma Radiation

9. Nuclear equations are different than chemical equations in the sense that nuclear equations describe the changes is atomic numbers, mass numbers, and identities of radionuclides. Nuclear and Chemical Equations

10. Half-Life

11. Acute effects show up fast and can be in the form of burns or radiation sickness. Latent effects are effects that show up in time such as cancer, especially leukemia, another example is the alteration of a gene. Cells do not have the capacity for self-repair of radiation damage. Undesired effects of Radiation:

12. Atomic Radiation • Atomic radiation is very dangerous because they generate unstable reactive particles in living tissue. • Alpha particles as well as beta particles, and also X rays are called ionization radiations.

13. Symptoms of Radiation

14. The first symptoms of radiation exposure usually happen in tissues whose cells divide most frequently, like the cells in the bone marrow, or intestinal tract. Radiation sickness, is the set of symptoms caused by non-lethal exposures to radiation. Symptoms

15. The Dosimeter • A dosimeter is a device for measuring exposure, a common type is a film badge that contains photographic film, and becomes fogged by radiation.

16. X Rays, Gamma Rays, and Particle Beams

17. Continued… • X rays, gamma rays, and particle beams have been used in medicine for diagnosis and for cancer treatment. • A beam of 100 kilorads kills any insects that remain after harvest and inhibits the sprouting of potatoes and onions during storage. A beam of 100 A beam of 100

18. Continued… • A medium dosage bean of radiation is 100 to 1000 kilorads can actually reduce the populations of Salmonella bacteria in fish and other meats. • High dosage beams are 1000 to 10,000 kilorads sterilize poultry, fish and other meats .

19. FISSION

20. Electrical power plants use the heat from the burning of some kind of fuel to convert water into high-pressure steam, fission is the source of heat, and it happens to a nuclear fuel inside a reactor. . The disintegration of a large atomic nucleus into small fragments following neutron capture is Fission. Fission

21. Continued… • A nuclear chain reaction is the mechanism of nuclear fission by which one fission event makes enough fission neutrons to cause more than one additional fission.

22. Problems of Nuclear Energy • One of the biggest problems of nuclear energy has been the permanent storage of radioactive wastes. • Power plants that use petroleum or coal are huge emitters of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.

23. Solutions to Problem • Some options are the use of wind energy, solar energy, and other technologies.