Integumentary System & Accessory Organs

1. Integumentary System & Accessory Organs The skin, or integument, is considered an organ because it consists of two tissues: epithelial and connective. In addition, accessory organs, such as glands, hair, and nails, are present, and together with the skin make up the integumentary system.

2. Skin • The skin consists of two layers, the epidermis and the underlying dermis . Although technically not part of the skin, the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer, or superficial fascia) lies beneath the dermis. • The skin performs a variety of functions: • Protection is provided against biological invasion, physical damage, and ultraviolet radiation. • Sensation for touch, pain, and heat is provided by nerve endings. • Thermoregulation is supported through the sweating and regulation of blood flow through the skin. • Metabolism of vitamin D occurs in the skin. • Storage of blood that can be shunted to other parts of the body when needed takes place in the skin. • Excretion of salts and small amounts of wastes (ammonia and urea) occurs with the production of sweat.

3. Skin * Makes up about 16 percent of total body weight Large surface area (1.5-2 square meters--about 18 square feet of skin in a man) It forms the interface between ourselves and the exterior environment

4. Accessory Organs of the Skin - Sebaceous • Sebaceous glands • These units are found everywhere on the body except on the palms, soles, top of the feet, and the lower lip. • The number is greatest on the face, upper neck, and chest. • Sebaceous glands produce a substance called sebum (oil), which is responsible for keeping the skin and hair moisturized. • During adolescence, sebaceous glands enlarge and produce more sebum under the influence of hormones called androgens. After about age 20, sebum production begins to decrease.

5. Accessory organs of the Skin - sudoriferous • Sweat glands that have the scientific name of sudoriferous (sweat) glands. • The eccrinesudoriferousglands are distributed on the entire surface of the body with more abundance on palms, soles and on the forehead. • Composed of water and various salts. • The prime function of these glands is to regulate the temperature of the body. • The apocrinesudoriferousglands are found mainly in the armpits and around the genital organs • these glands that cause odor in sweat because of the presence of bacteria.

6. Accessory organs of the skin - hair • Insulation • The primary function of human hair is to insulate the human body. Hair does this in two ways: it serves as a physical barrier between external cold air and the skin, and it also traps warm air in between the skin and the hair, keeping the body warmer. • Protection from External Factors • Hair protects skin from external factors, such as sun damage and chapped skin from wind damage. It also blocks dust and dirt from settling on the skin. • Friction Buffer • Hair serves as a buffer against friction. This is one of the reasons that hair is present on the legs, genitals and underarms. It also soaks up sweat for easier evaporation so that the sweat isn't stuck to the body during physical activity, which can cause chapping and blistering. • Differentiation and Beautification • Hair is widely used in all mammals for differentiation and beautification. Male lions have manes, deer have decorative spots and many birds have coloring to distinguish males from females. Humans have hair for the same purpose, which is why men grow facial hair and women do not. Hair is also considered to add beauty, which is why women often have elaborate hairstyles and why men go to great lengths to battle baldness. • Redirect Sweat and Water • Hair also soaks up sweat from the skin so that it won't cause irritation from friction and it also redirects sweat so that certain parts of the body can dry faster and stay protected. Hair in the armpits pulls sweat from the armpits to cool the area and eyebrows redirect sweat from the forehead away form the eyes.

7. Accessory organs of the skin - nail • Nails are plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized cells of the epidermis. Each nail consists of a nail body, free edge, and nail root. • Functionally, nails help us to grasp and manipulated small objects, provide protection to the ends of the fingers and toes, and allow us to scratch. • Nails grow at an average rate of 3 millimeters (1/8 inch) a month. • Fingernails require 3 to 6 months to regrow completely, and toenails require 12 to 18 months. • Nails grow faster in the summer than in any other season. • Contrary to popular belief, nails do not continue to grow after death; the skin dehydrates and tightens, making the nails (and hair) appear to grow. • nail root: is the portion that is not visible. • nail bed: is the portion of the nail is visible. It also determines what shape the nail will grow. • nail body: Most of the body is pink because of the underlying blood capillaries. • lunula: The whitish semilunar area near the nail root Cuticle: dead skin that forms around the cuticle. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria.  • Matrix: The only living part of the nail. It is situated behind and underneath the nail fold and produces the keratin which makes up the nail plate. If the matrix is damaged, growth of the nail plate is affected.

8. Pathological

9. abrasionThe scraping or rubbing away by friction

10. abscessAn abscess : collection of pus at the site of an infection.Abscesses and carbuncles are histologically similar but carbuncles (and furuncles) arise from infection of the hair follicles. Abscesses can arise from infection tracking in from the skin surface but are usually deeper than carbuncles.

11. carbuncle *Cluster of furuncles in the SQ tissue. *A carbuncle is an abscess larger than a boil, usually with one or more openings draining pus onto the skin. *It is usually caused by bacterial infection most commonly Staphylococcus aureus. *The infection is contagious and may spread to other areas of the body or other people.*A carbuncle is made up of several skin boils. The infected mass is filled with fluid, pus, and dead tissue. Fluid may drain out of the carbuncle, but sometimes the mass is so deep that it cannot drain on its own. *Carbuncles may develop anywhere, but they are most common on the back and the nape of the neck.* Men get carbuncles more often than women. *Often, the direct cause of a carbuncle cannot be determined. *Things that make carbuncle infections more likely include friction from clothing or shaving, generally poor hygiene and weak immunity.*The carbuncle may be the size of a pea or as large as a golf ball. It may be red and irritated and might hurt when touched. It may also grow very fast and have a white or yellow center. It may crust or spread to other skin areas.

12. furuncleAbscess that starts in a hair follicle, often referred to as a boil

13. acneInflammation of the sebaceous folliclesMarked by comedos (blackheads), papules and pustules

14. alopeciaAbsence or loss of hair ---BaldnessCauses:We do not know why the immune cells attack the hair-growing tissue. Alopecia areata sometimes runs in families.

15. comedo (blackhead) • Discolored dried sebum plug

16. cystA cystis a closed sac, having a distinct membrane and division on the nearby tissue. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst could go away on its own or may have to be removed through surgery.Sebaceous- a cyst filled with sebum

17. eczemaRedness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries.Causes: allergies, chemicals, drugs, scratching, sun.

18. hemorrage • Loss of large amounts of blood in a short period of time • TYPES • Contusion • Eccymosis • Petechia

19. contusion (bruise)Hemorrhage of any size where skin is not broken

20. ecchymosislarge irregular hemorraghic area with color changes

21. Petechiapinpoint hemorrhage spot on the skin

22. hematomaElevated localized blood trapped under the skin results from a trauma

23. hirsutismHirsutism (from Latin hirsutus = shaggy, hairy) is the excessive growth of hair in unusual places, especially in women* For example, a beard or chest hair. It refers to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair) and it is therefore primarily of cosmetic and psychological concern.Hirsutism is a symptom rather than a disease and may be a sign of a more serious medical condition, especially if it develops well after puberty

24. impetigoBacterial skin infection with isolated pustules that crust and rupture.

25. psoriasisChronic skin disease with itchy red patches covered with silvery scalesRuns in families and brought on by anxiety.

26. scabiesContagious skin disease caused by the itch mite.It is common all over the world, and it affects people of all races and social classes. Scabies spreads quickly in crowded conditions where there is frequent skin-to-skin contact between people. Hospitals, child-care centers and nursing homes are examples. Scabies can easily infect sex partners and other household members. Sharing clothes, towels, and bedding

27. skin lesionsAreas of altered tissue caused by disease, injury or a wound.Primary skin lesions Initial reaction to the altered tissueSecondary skin lesions include changes in the skin caused by primary skin lesions, either as a natural progression or because of infection, scratching, trauma, diseases or picking at the skin.

28. Primary Lesions • FLAT • Macule : freckle • SOLID • Papule: Wart or pimple • Nodule : Extends into dermis • Tumor : Larger than 2 cm • Wheal: Firm causes itching (hives) • FLUID FILLED • Vesicle: smallest (chickenpox) • Pustule: Contains pus (acne) • Bulla: Larger than 1 cm (poison ivy)

29. SECONDARY Lesions • Excoriations : Scratch marks • Fissure : Small slit or crack • Ulcer: Open sore or lesion

30. primary skin lesions

31. tinea (ringworm)Ringworm is a skin infection caused by a fungus. Ringworm can affect skin on your body (tineacorporis), scalp (tineacapitis), groin area (tineacruris), also called jock itch), or feet (tineapedis), also called athlete's foot).

32. pressure or decubitus ulcer (Bedsore)Skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressureThey commonly form where your bones are close to your skin, such as your ankles, back, elbows, heels and hips. You are at risk if you are bedridden, use a wheelchair, or are unable to change your position Pressure sores can cause serious infections, some of which are life-threatening. They can be a problem for people in nursing homes.

33. urticariaAllergic reaction of the skin Pale elevated patched that intensely itchCalled Wheals or hives

34. verruca or warts Rounded epidermal growths Caused by a virus Many types Can be removed but will regrow if virus remain in the skin.

35. vitiligoLocalized loss of skin pigmentation Milky white patches Called LeukodermaSome are caused by an inability of melancocytes to produce melanin, while others are caused by melanocytes either not being present or being destroyed..Vitiligo is not a physically damaging disease; other than an increased sensitivity to UV radiation most of the disease’s effects are social and psychological, especially for dark-skinned races. There are both surgical and non-surgical treatments for vitiligo

36. Diagnostic Procedures

37. biopsy • A biopsy is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of living tissue from a subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. • Microscopic examination to confirm a diagnosis or prognosis.

38. skin test Method for determining induced sensitivity (allergy) by applying a suspected allergen. Inflammatory skin reaction will result if there is an allergy to the allergen. It is often performed by applying an extract of an allergen to your skin, scratching or pricking the skin

39. cryosurgery Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) using subfreezing temperature to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. Commonly use liquid nitogen

40. debridement surgical removal of foreign material and dead/damged tissue from a wound in order to preventinfection and promote healing

41. electrodessicationHigh frequency electrical sparks are used to dehydrate and destroy diseased tissue.

42. incision and drainage Cut a lesion and drain contents

43. skin graft Surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue to an injured site.There are 4 types

44. Allograft (homograft) Transplant from one person to another person. Normally the donor skin is from a cadaver.

45. AutograftTransplant of healthy tissue from one site to another in the same individual

46. synthetic skin grafttransplation of artifical skin produced from collagen fivers arranged in lattice pattern. Burke and Yannas then created a kind of artificial skin using polymers from shark cartilage and collagen from cowhide. This mixture was dried and sterilized to make a thin membrane (a covering through which things can pass) similar to the human dermis layer. Added to the membrane was a protective top layer of silicone that acted like the human epidermis.

47. xenograft(heterograft)Transplant from a foreign donor (usually a pig) to a human.A common example is the use of pig heart valves in humans. . The prefix "xeno-" means foreign.

48. skin resurfacingProcedure that repairs damaged skin, acne scars, wrinkles or tattoos.Three types.

49. chemical peel (chemabrasion)Chemicals used to remove outer layer of skinTreats acne scarring and wrinkles on the face

50. skin resurfacing cutaneous laser * dermabrasion Removal of acne scars, nevi, tattoos or wrinkles On the epidermal layer. Use sandpaper, wire brushes or other abrasive materials • Several laser treatments