Bodies and Bodily Systems

1. VT

2. Bodies and Bodily Systems Barry Smith and Igor Papakin

4. INTEGUMENTARY (SKIN) SYSTEM

5. MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

6. CONNECTIVE SYSTEM

7. The Connective System • The connective system contains all the bona fide boundaries in the interior of the body: the membranes and layers of fat which create an internal framework of support for the organs • This system performs active work by maintaining the internal sub-environments in the necessary conditions

9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

10. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

11. URINARY SYSTEM

12. IMMUNE SYSTEM

13. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

14. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Principal Organs)

15. NERVOUS SYSTEM

16. The autonomic part of the nervous system This is the oldest part of the nervous system from the standpoint of evolution. It regulates the vegetative functions of the body. ‘Vegetative’ means: automatic, not dependent on one’s mind.

17. Example • I decide to run. I can decide to start or stop running because running is controlled by the somatic part of the nervous system. • BUT: when I’m running my heart is beating more quickly because my muscles need more oxygen for their work • The autonomous part of the nervous system is responsible for these changes. • You cannot decide to start or stop digesting the food that is already in your stomach • Digestion and heart-beat are vegetative processes

18. The autonomous part of the nervous system (regulatory links to other systems)

19. ENDOCRINESYSTEM

20. The endocrine system • is like a system of the radio transmitters which are broadcasting to the every cell of the body. • Their ‘waves’ are hormones. • The medium of transmission is the blood. • The cell have ‘receivers’ –specific receptors for particular hormones

21. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

22. IMMUNE SYSTEM

23. Bodily Systems are Component Parts of Bodies digestive respiratory circulatory immune skeletal musculatory

25. A system for keeping your tools safe

26. A system for keeping your jewels safe

27. Bodily Systems interconnect

28. plus NERVOUS SYSTEM (Regulatory Links)

29. Thus bodily systems are separated from each other by fiat boundaries

30. MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM

31. Why one system?

32. Rather than two:

33. MUSCLE SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM

34. because without muscle the skeletal system would fall apart and without bone the muscles would have nothing to attach themselves

35. Why talk of one nervous system rather than two? • Is the boundary between the autonomous and vegetative system porous • (can you train yourself to control vegetative processes?)

36. Bodily systems are like arms and legs

37. but the fiat boundaries separating them from their surroundings are much more complicated

38. plus NERVOUS SYSTEM (Regulatory Links)

39. Where to fit bodily systems into an ontology?

40. Problems of Medical Ontology • Knowledge Mining • Tacit Knowledge • Doctors don’t know ontology • Aristotle is no help either

41. System (OED) • I. An organized or connected group of objects. • II. A set of principles, etc.; a scheme, method.

42. System (OED) • An organized or connected group of objects. • Aset or assemblage of things connected, associated, or interdependent, so as to form a complex unity; a whole composed of parts in orderly arrangement according to some scheme or plan • Physics. A group of bodies moving about one another in space under some particular dynamical law, as the law of gravitation; • Biol. A set of organs or parts in an animal body of the same or similar structure, or subserving the same function, as the nervous, muscular, osseous, etc. systems, the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, etc. systems; also, each of the primary groups of tissues in the higher plants. • In various scientific and technical uses: A group, set, or aggregate of things, natural or artificial, forming a connected or complex whole.  

43. System (OED) • 4. In various scientific and technical uses: A group, set, or aggregate of things, natural or artificial, forming a connected or complex whole.  • a. of natural objects or phenomena, as geological formations, mountains, rivers, winds, forces, etc.; also of lines, points, etc. in geometry. b. of artificial objects or appliances arranged or organized for some special purpose, as pulleys or other pieces of mechanism, columns or other details of architecture, canals, railway lines, telegraphs, etc. c.Geol. A major stratigraphic division, composed of a number of series and corresponding to a period in time; the rocks deposited during any specific period. d. The set of the various phases that two or more given metals are capable of forming at different temperatures and pressures, as alloy system. e.Linguistics. A group of terms, units, or categories, in a paradigmatic relationship to one another. • f.Computers. A group of related programs; spec. = operating system

44. System (OED) • II. A set of principles, etc.; a scheme, method. • 8. The set of correlated principles, ideas, or statements belonging to some department of knowledge or belief • 9. An organized scheme or plan of action, esp. one of a complex or comprehensive kind; an orderly or regular method of procedure. Now usually with defining word or phrase. …d. Any method devised by a gambler for determining the placing of his bets. • 10. In the abstract (without a or pl.): Orderly arrangement or method; systematic form or order.

45. Bodily systems are SNAP entities

46. t i m e process Substances and processesexist in time in different ways substance

47. SNAP and SPAN • Substances and processes • Continuants and occurrents • In preparing an inventory of reality • we keep track of these two different categories of entities in two different ways

48. Need for different perspectives • Not one ontology, but a multiplicity of complementary ontologies • Cf. Quantum mechanics: particle vs. wave ontologies

49. t i m e process SNAPshot Video (SPAN)ontology ontology substance

50. SNAP and SPAN • stocks and flows • commodities and services • product and process • anatomy and physiology • synchrony and diachrony