Linguistics 21: Language and Thinking

1. Linguistics 21: Language and Thinking Spring 2013 Professor Thom Huebner Office Hours: MW 8:30-8:45, 12:00-13:00, 4:15-4:30 and by appointment Office: Clark 402A Telephone: 408-924-1315 Email: thom.huebner@sjsu.edu

2. Lecture 1: Critical Thinking – What is it? • When you hear the term ‘critical thinking,’ what does that mean to you?

3. CRITICAL THINKING Involving or exercising skilled judgment or observation Wide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to – analyze and evaluate arguments and truth claims: Examples: Slide 4 overcome personal prejudices and biases: Example: language accents make reasonable and intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do.

4. INTELLIGENT DECISIONS Critical Thinking - What are the characteristics of a critical thinker? - What is an argument? - Why is critical thinking important in the world today?

5. STANDARDS • Clarity • Accuracy • Precision • Relevance (Focus) • Consistency • Logical correctness • Completeness (Depth) • Fairness

6. CLARITY • Example: Miss Teen South Carolina http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lj3iNxZ8Dww Questions: • Which of the standards of critical thinking does Miss TSC not meet? Why? • Can you think of other examples of people “not being clear on the concept”?

7. Relevance, Focus • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvzim5rCeFw&feature=fvw • Is ex-Governor Palin’s answer to the question relevant? • Why or why not?

8. CONSISTENCY • Logical consistency: Not saying or believing two (or more) things that could not simultaneously be true • Example: P & ~P • Practical consistency: Not saying one thing and doing another • Example: Calvin and Hobbs, P. 12 • Exercise: Generate examples of logical / practical inconsistency: page 7, Exercise 1.1 II.

9. LOGICAL CORRECTNESS All mammals are dangerous. Bobo is dangerous. Therefore Bobo is a mammal. I am a man. Brad Pitt is a man. Therefore, I am Brad Pitt. All humans are animals. Most animals can climb trees. Therefore, most humans can climb trees.

10. FAIRNESS • Not identifying truth with self-interest • Not resisting unfamiliar ideas, prejudging issues, stereotyping outsiders

11. BARRIERS • Egocentrism • Sociocentrism • Unwarranted assumptions and stereotypes • Relativistic thinking • Wishful thinking

12. EGOCENTRISM • Egocentrism: Seeing reality as centered on oneself • Self-interested thinking: Accepting and defending beliefs that harmonize with one’s own self-interest • Example: “A rising tide raises all boats.” • Self-serving bias: Overrating oneself • Example: 90% of drivers rate themselves as above average

13. SOCIOCENTRISM • Sociocentrism: Group-centered thinking • Group bias: Seeing One’s own group, tribe, sect, sex as better • Example: “Girls are better than boys.” • Conformism: Following the crowd, conforming uncritically to group standards of conduct and belief • Example: The lines experiment: page 16.

14. RELATIVISTIC THINKING • Relativism: “There is no objective absolute standard of truth.” • Subjectivism: “Truth is a matter of individual opinion.” Exercise: List areas where truth may be a matter of opinion. • Cultural relativism: “What is true for person A is what person A’s culture of society believes is true.” Examples: drinking wine in France/Iran; polygamy

15. MORAL RELATIVISM • Moral subjectivism: What is morally right and good for an individual A is what A believes is morally right and good. • Example: • Premarital sex – • Premarital sex is always wrong. • Premarital sex is not always wrong

16. PROBLEMS • Relativism makes it impossible to criticize others’ / our own cultural practices, i.e., cannibalism/ racism • It rules out the idea of moral progress, i.e., meaning of equality • It can lead to conflicting moral duties: • When an individual holds beliefs in conflict with those of her society; • When an individual belongs to two or more cultures. Discussion: Are you bi-cultural in any sense (do you belong to two ormore groups that hold conflicting beliefs on a topic)?

17. UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTIONS • Assumption:Something we take for granted, something we believe to be true without any proof or conclusive evidence • We have to make assumptions (the floor was there yesterday when I got out of bed; it’ll be there today). This only becomes pernicious when those assumptions are unwarranted. • Stereotypes are unwarranted assumptions. Error: Hasty generalization – making a generalization about a large class of people from a small sample Discussion: Identify assumptions you’ve made since you got up this morning. Were they warranted?

18. WISHFUL THINKING • Wishful thinking: believing something not because you have good evidence for it, but because you wish it were true. • Examples: “The wind will pick up.” “He loves me.” “I don’t have a 1-73 chance of dying in a car accident.” • Exercise: Generate examples of hindrances to critical thinking.

19. CHARACTERISTICS of a Critical Thinker • Passionate drive for clarity, precision, and accuracy • Careful, disciplined thinking • Sensitivity to the ways that critical thinking can be prejudiced by egocentrism, wishful thinking and other psychological barriers • Honesty and intellectual humility • Open-mindedness, intellectual courage, love of truth, intellectual perseverance

20. Short ‘Think Piece” Review the list of critical thinking traits, p. 25-26: • Clarity, precision, accuracy • Sensitivity to egocentrism, sociocentrism, wishful thinking • Intellectual honesty • Open-mindedness • Fact-based beliefs • Awareness of biases and preconceptions • Independent thinking • Intellectual courage to face ideas fairly • Pursuit of truth • Intellectual perseverance

21. Short ‘Think Piece” • Jot down short responses to the following questions: • Which of the traits listed do you think is your strongest critical thinking trait? Why? • Which is your weakest? Why? • What could you do to improve in this latter regard?