Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 The Beginnings of Civilization

2. New Suffixes for Years • Old way: • Up to year 0: BC – Before Christ • After year : AD – Anno Domini (year of our lord) Poses problems when describing cultures whose culture/religion/lifestyle does not revolve around Christianity • New way: • Everything after year O is considered “Common Era” Up to year O: BCE –Before Common Era After year O: CE – Common Era

3. BC = BCE AD = CE BCE CE

4. Day One Where do we come from? How did we get here? How do we know ??

5. Discovering the Past • ANTHROPOLOGY: The study of humanity • PREHISTORIC: the vast period of time before the development of writing • How do we learn about the past? • From what is left behind

6. How do we learn about the past? • Anthropologists • Study FOSSILS: preserved remains or imprints of living things • Study CULTURE: a society’s knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, values • Archaeologists • Study human material remains • ARTIFACTS: objects that people in the past made or used • Coins, pottery, tools

7. The Nutcracker Man • Discovered in 1959 by Mary Leakey • 1.75 million years old • Heavy jaw and large teeth • Thus: “Nutcracker Man” • HOMINID: humans and early humanlike beings that walked upright

8. Lucy • Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson • Partial Australopithecine (HOMINID) skeleton • Lived more than 3 million years ago • 4 ft tall, walked upright (based on joints) • Major advancement: • hands free to use tools!

9. Mary Leakey’s most exciting find… Mary Leakey later found hominid footprints preserved in hardened volcanic ash WHY? 3.5 m: oldest evidence hominds walked upright Most exciting find of her career

10. Homo habilis • Based on the fossil record, more advanced hominds began appearing about 3 million years ago • 1959: Leakeys found a new species • Homo Habilis (Handy Man) • More humanlike features • Smaller teeth • Hands better to grasp objects • Learned to make crude stone tools

11. Homo erectus • “upright man” • 2 to 1.5 million years ago • Larger brain than earlier hominids • More skillful hunter • More advanced tools • Ax • Controlled fire • Cook food • Provide heat, protection • Live in colder climates

12. Homo sapiens • “wise man” • Appeared 200,000 years ago • Same species as us! • Larger brains • Developed more sophisticated tools and shelter • Create Fire • Develop language

13. AUSTRALOPITHECINE – 4-5 MILLION YEARS AGO HOMO HABILIS – 2.4 MILLION YEARS AGO HOMO ERECTUS – 2 – 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO HOMO SAPIENS -- 200,000 AGO TO PRESENT

14. SPREADING AROUND THE WORLD • 1.6 million years ago, the world began experiencing long periods of freezing weather called the “Ice Ages” • World cycled between colder and warmer periods • Huge glaciers advanced and retreated • Glaciers advanced: ocean levels fell • Bering Strait was an exposed land bridge

15. Out of Africa • Homo erectus was first hominid to migrate out of Africa • Fossils have been found in Asia and Europe • Went to Southwest Asia, then Southern Asia, Australia • Longer to reach Europe because of Mountains and Colder climates • Disagreement on when first people reached Americas • By at least 9000 BCE humans spread to all continents

16. Adapting to New Environments Adaption to new environments caused humans to develop the genetic variety that exists today Body shape Skin color Eating habits How do we adapt today? What adaptations have you made today, this month, this year? How have we as a culture adapted? The world?

17. Day 2 What was life like during the Stone Age? How do we know??

18. PALEOLITHIC ERA • PALEOLITHIC ERA: Old Stone Age • First Humans lived during this time • Made tools mostly from stone • 2.5 million years ago – 10,000 years ago

19. Stone Age Art – What does it say?

20. Stone Age People • NOMADS: people who moved from place to place as they followed migrating animal herds • Lived in small bands, or groups • Took cover in rock overhangs and caves • HUNTER-GATHERERS: people who hunted, fished, and gathered wild plants, berries, nuts and other foods • Men hunted • Women collected plants and cared for children • Each role was important: men and women equal

21. “Stone Age” Technology • Why is it called the Stone Age? • First tools made of chipped stones • Over time, people learned to make better tools out of wood and bone as well as stone • Spears allowed hunters to stand farther away from prey, which was safer • Later Stone Age people learned to make string from plant fibers and animal sinew • Nets used to fish and capture small animals • Other new tools: bow and arrow, bone hooks, fishing spears, canoes

22. “Stone Age” Fashion and Shelter • In colder regions, people learned to make needles from bone and used needles to sew together animal skins for clothing • Over time, skins used for shoes, hats, carrying sacks • Also learned to build shelters • Pit houses: pits dug into the ground and covered with roofs of branches and leaves • Some made frames from wood, others from mammoth bones

23. Stone Age Peoples • SOCIETY: community of people who share a common culture • Stone Age Societies developed cultures that included language, art, and spiritual beliefs • ANIMISM: belief that all things in nature have spirits • Dead buried with food and objects  belief in afterlife?

24. Lascaux Cave, France

25. Cave Art • Scholars aren’t certain what purpose early art served • Representing the world as they saw it? • Used art to chronicle hunts? • To teach hunting skills? • Record movement of sun, moon, stars, planets? • Honor animal spirits?

26. Study Groups: • Create “cave art” that reflects your culture • Group’s culture • AG culture • American culture • Teen culture, etc • What is important, valued, in your culture? • What would your drawings tell anthropologists about you 10,000 years from now?

27. Day 3 How did agriculture develop? How did agriculture change the world? How do we know??

28. New Stone Age • NEOLITHIC ERA:New Stone Age • More sophisticated tools • 8000 BCE – 3000 BCE • People learned to polish and grind stones to shape tools with sharper edges • Specialized tools: chisels, drills, saws • Development of Agriculture

29. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION • Nomads  farming • Development of agriculture is one of the most important turning points in human history • Radically changed how people lived • Thus the “Neolithic Revolution” • 10000 years ago warming trend ended the last Ice Age • Sea levels rose • Ice Age plants & animals died, new species appeared • Barley and wheat

30. AGRICULTURE • Gathering new plants  new plants grew where seeds fell • Experimentation  farming • DOMESTICATION: selective growing or breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful for humans • First domesticated animal: dogs • Livestock provided more stable supply of meat, milk, skins and wool • Larger animals used to pull heavy loads and helped with farming

31. AGRICULTURE • Agriculture changed Stone Age societies dramatically • Population grew significantly • PASTORALISTS: people who ranged over wide areas and kept herds of livestock on which they depended for food and other items • People gave up nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements • People could farm and pool labor and resources • Lived close together in houses made of mud bricks

32. You tell me… The development of Agriculture Effects of Agriculture New tools New plants Domestication Pastoralists • Box 1: • Populations grew • Villages, towns built • Hunting/gathering  tending fields and livestock • Extra time  specialization and craftsmanship (pottery) • Increased trade

33. Box 2: Social Stratification • Agriculture and trade made societies more complex and prosperous • Differences in social status began to emerge • Some rose to positions of authority, overseeing planting and harvesting • Men performed the heavier work in farming, and held positions of authority • Men began to gain dominance and status over women in agricultural societies

34. Box 3: Religion and Warfare • Religion began to become more formalized in agricultural societies • Began to construct structures for religious purposes • MEGALITHS: European Neolithic monuments made of stones for burial and spiritual purposes • Warfare increased as societies began to fight over land and resources • More dependence on farming = more affected by crop failure • Disease increased as people lived close together

35. Box 4: New Technologies • Farmers developed hoes and hand tools for planting • 6000 BCE: animals pull plows • Farmers could till larger areas to produce more crops • Pestles and grindstones • Prepare grains • Pottery • Cooking, storing grains, oils, and water, • Metals: Copper, then bronze (mix of copper and tin) • Stone Age gave way to the BRONZE AGE IN 3000 BCE

36. How Do we Know? ÇatalHüyük & Ötzi!

37. Çatal Hüyük • Neolithic village located in present day Turkey • More than 30 acres • People grew crops (barley, peas, wheat) around village • Raised sheep, goats, wild cattle • Traded with people from as far away as Red Sea • Houses built close together • Entered through rooves • Religious shrines with bodies buried underneath floor • Interior walls covered with colorful paintings

38. Ötzi the Iceman 1991: hikers in Italian Alps found a frozen male body preserved by cold, icy conditions 5,300 years old: from Neolithic Era Outfit from 3 types of animal skins stitched together Leather shoes padded with grass Woven grass cape, fur hat, back pack Deerskin quiver with arrows, flint dagger, and ax with copper blade Ware on front teeth suggest diet including coarse grains Arrowhead in shoulder suggests he was murdered

39. Day 4 Civilization Activity Let’s experiment with how agriculture changed societies.

40. Day 5 How did advancements in agriculture create the first civilizations?

41. ADVANCES IN FARMING • IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: • Network of canals or ditches that links fields of crops to nearby streams or to storage basins of water • Enable early people to farm more land and to farm in drier conditions • Could plant more crops, produce more food SURPLUS: excess of food • villages could support larger populations

42. Changing Economies • Because irrigation made farmers more productive, fewer people needed to farm • Some people were able to work full time jobs other than farming • Making tools/weapons, weavers, potters, religious leaders • DIVISION OF LABOR: economic arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job

43. Villages grow to Cities • First cities • More densely populated • More diverse populations • More formal organization • Defined center • Palaces • Temples • Monuments • Government buildings • Defensive walls • Served as center of trade

44. First Civilizations form from Cities • CIVILIZATION: complex and organized society • Arose in fertile river valleys • Tigris & Euphrates in ME • Nile in Africa • Indus in South Asia • Huang He in China • Rivers flooded annually, leaving mineral-rich silt • Valleys had fertile land to support growing pop. • Civilizations differed, but they all had • Developed cities Organized government, Formalized Religion • Specialization of labor, social classes, record keeping, Arts

45. Changes in Civilizations • Environmental Influences • Storms, floods, food shortages • Spread of People and Ideas • CULTURAL DIFFUSION: spread of ideas, beliefs, customs, technology from one culture to another • Expansion and Warfare • Conflicts over land, water, resources led to war • Through conquest civilizations expanded control • Developed into states and kingdoms