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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Body Structure, Color, and Oncology. OBJECTIVES. Identify anatomic structures of the human body Define and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts Define, pronounce, and spell medical terms related to body structure, color, and oncology

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Body Structure, Color, and Oncology

  2. OBJECTIVES • Identify anatomic structures of the human body • Define and spell the word parts • Build and analyze medical terms using word parts • Define, pronounce, and spell medical terms related to body structure, color, and oncology • Interpret the meanings of the abbreviations • Read medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in them

  3. Organization of the Human Body • cell: basic unit of all life • tissue: similar cells that perform a specific task • organ: two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions • system: a group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions

  4. Organization of the Body

  5. Body Cells • The human body is composed of trillions of cells of various sizes and shapes • cell membrane: boundary of a cell • cytoplasm: makes up the body of a cell • nucleus: structure in center containing chromosomes

  6. Body Cell

  7. Types of Tissue • muscle tissue: produces movement • nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and from the brain • connective tissue: connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures • epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining of the blood vessels

  8. Types of Tissues

  9. Organization of the Human Body (cont’d) • chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for mature sex cell, which has 23 • genes: regions within the chromosome (determine hereditary characteristics) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates the activities of the cell

  10. Body Cavities • cranial: brain • spinal: spinal cord • thoracic: heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi • abdominal: stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, ureters • pelvic: urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of large intestine, rectum

  11. Body Cavities

  12. aden/o cyt/o epitheli/o fibr/o hist/o kary/o lip/o my/o neur/o organ/o sarc/o system/o viscer/o Combining Forms for Body Structure

  13. cancer/o, carcin/o eti/o gno/o iatr/o lei/o onc/o path/o rabd/o somat/o Combining Forms Commonly Used with Body Structure Terms

  14. Combining Forms for Colors • chlor/o • chrom/o • cyan/o • erythr/o • leuk/o • melan/o • xanth/o

  15. Prefixes • dia- • dys- • hyper- • hypo- • meta- • neo- • pro-

  16. -al, -ic, -ous -cyte -gen -genesis -genic -logist -logy -oid -oma -osis -pathy -plasia -plasm -sarcoma -sis -stasis Suffixes

  17. Suffixes Containing “gen” • -gen: substance that produces or causes Example: carcino/gen: substance that causes cancer • -genic: producing, originating, causing Example: cyt/o/genic producing cells • -genesis: origin, cause Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors

  18. Oncology Terms Built from Word Parts • carcinoma • fibroma • liposarcoma • melanocarcinoma • myoma • melanoma • rhabdomyosarcoma • sarcoma

  19. Analyzing Terms Which Appear to Be Built From a Prefix and Suffix “neoplasm” is built from what looks like a prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.

  20. Pronunciation Guide • The following is a simple guide to use for practicing pronunciation of the medical terms. • The pronunciations are only approximate; however, they are adequate to meet the needs of the beginning student • In respelling for pronunciation, words are minimally distorted to indicate phonetic sound Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)

  21. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) • Diacritical marks are used over vowels to indicate pronunciation. The macron (―) is used to indicate the long vowel sounds. Example:donate (dō-nāte) hepatoma (hep-a-tō-ma) ā as in ate, say ē as in eat, beet, see ī as in i, mine, sky ō as in oats, so ū as in unit, mute

  22. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) • Vowels with no markings have the short sound. Example:discuss (dis-kus) medical (med-i-kal) a as in at, lad e as in edge, bet i as in itch, wish o as in ox, top u as in sun, come

  23. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) • An accent mark is the stress on a certain syllable. The primary accent is indicated by capital letters, and the secondary accent (which is stressed, but not as strongly as the primary accent) is indicated by italics. Example: altogether (all-tū-GETH-er) pancreatitis (pan-krē-a-TĪ-tis)

  24. Oncology Terms Not Built from Word Parts • benign • malignant • remission • in vitro • in vivo • encapsulated • cancer in situ

  25. Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts • cancerous • carcinogen • carcinogenic • cyanosis • cytogenic • cytoplasm • erythrocyte

  26. Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d) • erythrocytosis • etiology • histology • hyperplasia • hypoplasia • karyocyte • leukocyte • leukocytosis

  27. Blood Cells 1, (red) / cv / (cell[s]) 2, (white) / cv / (cell[s])

  28. myopathy neopathy neuroid oncogenic oncologist pathology somatic xanthosis Body Structure Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

  29. Abbreviations • Ca • chemo • Dx • mets • Px • RBC • RXT • WBC

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