Education and Political Tolerance

1. Education and Political Tolerance High Political Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High Education

2. Education and Political Tolerance High Political Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High Education

3. Education and Political Tolerance - High IQ High Political Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High Education

4. Education and Political Tolerance - Low IQ High Political Tolerance Medium Low Low Medium High Education

5. Variance and Standard Deviation

6. Var x Var y 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100

7. Mean x mean of a sample μ mean of a population Sum of observations/ number of observation

8. Lovar HIvar 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100 1 -100 1 -100 2 10 3 100 3 100

9. 3.5 3.0 2.5 LOVAR 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 -200 -100 0 100 200 HIVAR

10. Variance Sum of squared deviation from the mean / n-1 [(1 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 +(3 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 +(3 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 ] /19

11. Standard Deviation Square root of the Sum of squared deviation from the mean / n-1 √ [(1 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 +(3 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (1 – 2)2 + (2 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 + (3 – 2)2 ] 19

13. Types of Variables • Nominal • Ordinal • Ratio • Interval

14. Nominal Variable

15. 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 How carefully did the court consider your side of the story 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Putin Other federal authorities Militia or GBDD Doctors/emergency services Hostage takers Moscow city FSB Who is mainly guilty for causing your problems

17. Ordinal Variable

18. 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 How carefully did the court consider your side of the story 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 -.2 0.0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2 Putin first or second most guilty

19. Dummy Variables