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UNIT 9 Electrostatics and Currents

UNIT 9 Electrostatics and Currents. Mon day March 26 th. Electrostatics and Currents. Mon day , March 26. TODAY’S AGENDA. Resistance and Electric Power Hw : Practice D ( all ) p615 Practice E (all) p621. UPCOMING…. Tues : Practice Problems Wed: Practice Problems

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UNIT 9 Electrostatics and Currents

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  1. UNIT 9Electrostatics and Currents

  2. Monday March 26th Electrostatics and Currents

  3. Monday, March 26 TODAY’S AGENDA • Resistance and Electric Power • Hw: Practice D (all) p615 • Practice E (all) p621 UPCOMING… • Tues: Practice Problems • Wed: Practice Problems • Thurs: Test Review • Fri: TEST

  4. Chapter 16-17 Electrostatics and Current

  5. ConcepTest 26.2Ohm’s Law 1) Ohm’s law is obeyed since the current still increases when V increases 2) Ohm’s law is not obeyed 3) This has nothing to do with Ohm’s law You double the voltage across a certain conductor and you observe the current increases three times. What can you conclude?

  6. ConcepTest 26.2Ohm’s Law 1) Ohm’s law is obeyed since the current still increases when V increases 2) Ohm’s law is not obeyed 3) This has nothing to do with Ohm’s law You double the voltage across a certain conductor and you observe the current increases three times. What can you conclude? Ohm’s law, V = I R, states that the relationship between voltage and current is linear. Thus for a conductor that obeys Ohm’s Law, the current must double when you double the voltage. Follow-up: Where could this situation occur?

  7. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance:

  8. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors In many conductors, the resistance is independent of the voltage; this relationship is called Ohm’s law. Materials that do not follow Ohm’s law are called nonohmic. Unit of resistance: the ohm, Ω. 1 Ω = 1 V/A.

  9. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors Standard resistors are manufactured for use in electric circuits; they are color-coded to indicate their value and precision.

  10. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

  11. Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors • Some clarifications: • Batteries maintain a (nearly) constant potential difference; the current varies. • Resistance is a property of a material or device. • Current is not a vector but it does have a direction. • Current and charge do not get used up. Whatever charge goes in one end of a circuit comes out the other end.

  12. Resistivity The resistance of a wire is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area: The constant ρ, the resistivity, is characteristic of the material.

  13. Resistivity

  14. Resistivity For any given material, the resistivity increases with temperature: (18-4) Semiconductors are complex materials, and may have resistivities that decrease with temperature.

  15. Electric Power Power, as in kinematics, is the energy transformed by a device per unit time:

  16. Electric Power The unit of power is the watt, W. For ohmic devices, we can make the substitutions:

  17. Electric Power What you pay for on your electric bill is not power, but energy – the power consumption multiplied by the time. We have been measuring energy in joules, but the electric company measures it in kilowatt-hours, kWh.

  18. Power in Household Circuits The wires used in homes to carry electricity have very low resistance. However, if the current is high enough, the power will increase and the wires can become hot enough to start a fire. To avoid this, we use fuses or circuit breakers, which disconnect when the current goes above a predetermined value.

  19. Power in Household Circuits Fuses are one-use items – if they blow, the fuse is destroyed and must be replaced.

  20. Power in Household Circuits Circuit breakers, which are now much more common in homes than they once were, are switches that will open if the current is too high; they can then be reset.

  21. END

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