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Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications

Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications. Chapter 5. Underlying Processes. S-S versus S-R learning Stimulus Substitution versus Preparatory-Response Theory Compensatory-Response Model Rescorla-Wagner Theory. S-S versus S-R Learning. S-R

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Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications

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  1. Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications Chapter 5 Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  2. Underlying Processes • S-S versus S-R learning • Stimulus Substitution versus Preparatory-Response Theory • Compensatory-Response Model • Rescorla-Wagner Theory Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  3. S-S versus S-R Learning • S-R • Neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned response. • S-S • Neutral stimulus becomes directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  4. Stimulus-Substitution versus Preparatory Response Theory • Stimulus-Substitution • CS acts as substitute for US • Preparatory-Response Theory • The CR prepares the organism for presentation of US • Compensatory-Response Theory • The CR counteracts the effects of the UR Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  5. Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning • For every presentation of CS • Excitatory conditioning • Inhibitory conditioning • No conditioning Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  6. Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning • Behavioral theory of conditioning does not make inferences about expectations or other underlying cognitive functions • CS acquires a limited amount of associative strength on each trial. • Associative strength – magnitude of elicited CR • Maximum associative strength – Asymptote of maximum CR <=UR Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  7. Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning • CS gains certain amount of associative strength on any one trial. • Change is associative strength – difference between present strength of CS and maximum possible value. • This difference diminishes with each pairing as associative strength is increased. • The sum of the associative strength of all CSs <=UR Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  8. Acquisition Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  9. Conditioning Effects and the Rescorla-Wagner Equation • rVi = Si(VMAX–Vi-VSUM) • rVi – amount of change in associative strength for any CS on any one trial. • Si – constant varies between 0.00 and 1.00 measure of salience of CS and sensory capacity of organism. Estimated after conditioning. How quickly associative strength raises to maximum. • VMAX – maximum associative strength – magnitude of UR • Vi – associative strength already accrued to CS1 • VSUM – associative strength already accrued to CS2…CSn Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  10. Trial T Assoc Strength 0. .0000 1. 2.5000 2. 4.3750 3. 5.7800 4. 6.8550 5. 7.6400 6. 8.2300 7. 8.6700 8. 9.0000 9. 9.2500 10 9.4400 rVi = Si(VMAX–Vi-VSUM) Si=0.25 Vmax=10 Vsum=0 i=1rVi =.25(10)=2.5 i=2rVi =.25(10-2.5)=1.88 i=3rVi =.25(10-4.375)=1.4 i=4rVi =.25(10-5.78)=1.05 i=5rVi =.25(10-6.85)=.78 Rescorla-Wagner Equation Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  11. Acquisition Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  12. Practical Applications • Understanding Phobias • Treating Phobias • Aversion Therapy • Medical Applications Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  13. Understanding Phobias • Overgeneralizations • Watson and Rayner • Additional Factors • Observational learning • Temperament • Preparedness • History of control • Incubation –strengthening by brief exposure to CS • US revaluation • Selective sensitization Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  14. Treating Phobias • Systematic desensitization • Counter conditioning • Reciprocal inhibition • Training in relaxation • Creation of hierarchy • Pairing of items in hierarchy with relaxation Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  15. Treating Phobias • Flooding – prolong exposure to feared stimulus • Aversion Therapy Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  16. Medical Applications • Neuropsychoimmunology • Drug Relapse Prevention Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  17. Biological Preparedness • Equipotentiality premise – all environmental stimuli that can be detected by an organism can serve as conditioned stimulus. • A given stimulus will be equally good in all contexts Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

  18. Garcia and Koelling 1966 • CS1 - bright noisy water • CS2 – taste • US1- illness • US2- shock Dr. Steven I. Dworkin

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