Unit 4: Cellular Energy

1. Unit 4: Cellular Energy Chapter 8

2. What is Metabolism? • Metabolism: All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. There are 2 Types of metabolic reactions: • » Catabolic • » Anabolic

3. Catabolic: Releases energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules. Breaking Down!

4. Example of Catabolic Reaction: • Cellular Respiration: Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP Carbon Dioxide Energy Glucose Oxygen Water

5. Anabolic: Uses energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules • Ever hear about “Anabolic Steroids” in the news? Building up

6. Example of Anabolic Reaction: • Photosynthesis: Two-phase anabolic pathway in which the sun’s light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell. CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Sun Light Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Glucose Water

7. What is Metabolism? • The relationship of anabolic and catabolic pathways results in the continual flow of energy within organisms.

8. Clicker Question #1 • The building of materials is called: • a. homeostasis • b. anabolic • c. catabolic • d. ATP

9. Clicker Question #2 • Which of the following is an example of an anabolic process? • a. photosynthesis • b. homeostasis • c. cellular respiration • d. transpiration

10. Clicker Question #3 • Which of the following are products of photosynthesis? • a. Carbon dioxide & water • b. Glucose only • c. Glucose & carbon dioxide • d. Glucose & oxygen

11. Clicker Question #4 • Which of the following are products of cellular respiration? • a. Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP • b. Glucose & oxygen • c. Carbon dioxide & ATP • d. Glucose & carbon dioxide

12. What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities.

13. What is ATP? ATP is holding the ENERGY in the last phosphate…. Pop off the last one! When the last phosphate is POPPED off, it releases energy for the cell to use…& turns into ADP

14. What is ATP? • ATP holds/stores energy When last phosphate is popped off, ENERGY is RELEASED!

15. Clicker Question #5 • What does ATP do? • a. Stores energy • b. Gets rid of energy • c. Maintains homeostasis • d. Breaks down molecules

16. Clicker Question #6 • How does ATP release energy? • a. It just gives it away • b. When the bond between the 2nd & 3rd phosphate is broken • c. When the bond between the 1st & 2nd phosphate is broken • d. It never releases energy

17. Clicker Question #7 • Once the last phosphate is broken off and energy is released, what does ATP turn into? • a. Glucose • b. Carbon dioxide • c. NADP+ • d. ADP

18. Where does ATP come from?

19. Where does ATP come from? Mitochondria (in plants & animals), break down food (glucose) to make ATP (ENERGY). • BUT An animal (consumer) must EAT a plant to get the food (glucose). Where does the food (glucose) come from? What starts the food chain? Photosynthesis in plants

20. What happens during photosynthesis? • * Photosynthesis occurs inside chloroplasts • * Chlorophyll is the green coloring inside the • chloroplasts that absorb the sunlight Released into the atmosphere CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Glucose = Food Oxygen Sent to Mitochondria to process it into ENERGY (ATP)

21. What happens during photosynthesis?

22. Photosynthesis Video

23. Clicker Question #8 • Where does photosynthesis take place? • a. Ribosomes • b. Cell membrane • c. Mitochondria • d. Chloroplasts

24. Clicker Question #9 • During photosynthesis, what is released into the atmosphere? • a. Carbon dioxide • b. Glucose • c. Oxygen • d. Water

25. Clicker Question #10 • What is the main purpose for photosynthesis? • a. To make carbon dioxide • b. To make glucose • c. To make oxygen • d. To make water

26. Clicker Question #11 • These are found in plants and are used to capture & absorb sunlight: • a. Mitochondria • b. Chlorophyll • c. Ribosomes • d. Cell Wall

27. What’s next? After photosynthesis, and glucose is made: * In plants…it is sent to the mitochondria * In animals…they must eat the plant and the food is sent to the mitochondria What’s next? Cellular Respiration is next!

28. What are the two types of cellular respiration? • Anaerobic: metabolic process without oxygen • Aerobic: metabolic process with oxygen Cellular Respiration is an aerobic process…it NEEDS oxygen!

29. What happens during cellular respiration? * Aerobic…needs oxygen * Occurs in Mitochondria * Glucose is broken down & ATP molecules are made Released When you exhale Released When you exhale Glucose C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP Pop the phosphate off releases energy Broken down

30. What happens during cellular respiration? 1 molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP

31. Cellular Respiration Video

32. Clicker Question #12 • What is the main purpose of cellular respiration? • a. To make carbon dioxide • b. To make energy • c. To make water • d. To make glucose

33. Clicker Question #13 • What waste products are released during cellular respiration? • a. Carbon dioxide & water • b. Glucose & oxygen • c. Carbon dioxide & glucose • d. Carbon dioxide only

34. Clicker Question #14 • How many ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? • a. 2 • b. 20 • c. 26 • d. 36

35. Clicker Question #15 • Where does cellular respiration occur? • a. Ribosomes • b. Chloroplasts • c. Mitochondria • d. Chlorophyll

36. Clicker Question #16 • What is aerobic? • a. A process maintaining balance • b. A process that requires oxygen • c. A process that does not require oxygen • d. A process that makes ATP

37. There are two types of anaerobic respiration • Fermentation: Keep cellular respiration going if there is no or not enough oxygen is available (2 types) 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation: During cellular respiration, if not enough oxygen is present (like during lots of exercise), lactic acid fermentation begins to keep the cycle going. - When lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, the muscles become sore. - Many microbes use this process and are used to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream.

38. Lactic acid Video…silly but “on point”

39. There are two types of anaerobic respiration 2. Alcohol Fermentation: Occurs in yeast and some bacteria when oxygen is not available to create….. Alcohol Rotting fruit can also ferment…creating alcohol

40. Clicker Question #17 • Lactic acid fermentation occurs when the body does not get enough: • a. Protein • b. Energy • c. Oxygen • d. Carbon Dioxide

41. Clicker Question #18 • Lactic acid causes: • a. Glucose to be the product • b. Energy to be released • c. The making of alcohol • d. Muscle soreness

42. Clicker Question #19 • Lactic acid fermentation & alcohol fermentation are examples of: • a. Homeostasis • b. Catabolic reactions • c. Aerobic processes • d. Anaerobic processes

43. Clicker Question #20 • The following equation represents: • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • a. Homeostasis • b. Photosynthesis • c. Cellular Respiration • d. None of the above

44. The End

45. Clicker Answers • 1. a 11. b • 2. a 12. b • 3. d 13. a • 4. a 14. d • 5. a 15. c • 6. b 16. b • 7. d 17. c • 8. d 18. d • 9. c 19. d • 10. b 20. c