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History of Cognitive Psychology. “Psychology has a long past but only a short history” Ebbinghaus (1908). History of Cognitive Psychology Presentism – evaluation in terms of current knowledge. Historicism – evaluation in terms of what was known at the time.
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“Psychology has a long past but only a short history” Ebbinghaus (1908)
History of Cognitive Psychology Presentism– evaluation in terms of current knowledge Historicism – evaluation in terms of what was known at the time
Dialectical Progression(Hegel, 1770-1831) 1.Thesisformed 2. Antithesis formed 3. Synthesisoccurs
Dialectical Progression- Example 1. Thesis formed - Nature 2. Antithesisformed - Nurture 3. Synthesisoccurs - Interaction b/w nature and nurture
History of Psychology – Philosophical Influences Ancient Greeks Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)– credited as being the first empiricist empiricism - knowledge via observation tabula rasa– “blank slate” rationalism– knowledge via logical reasoning (Plato, 428-348 B.C.)
Associationism -how ideas become associated in the mind First associationist - Aristotle We associate things in terms of: 1. similarity - (cowsandhorses)
Associationism -how ideas become associated in the mind First associationist - Aristotle We associate things in terms of: 1. similarity - (cowsandhorses) 2. dissimilarity- (hotandcold)
Associationism -how ideas become associated in the mind First associationist - Aristotle We associate things in terms of: 1. similarity - (cowsandhorses) 2. dissimilarity- (hotandcold) 3. closeness in time - (lightningandthunder)
Rich History of Association in Psychology classical conditioning - learn association b/w CS and US operant conditioning - learn association b/w behavior and consequences verbal learning - paired associate learning semantic priming - related “primes” facilitate “targets” false memory - critical lure is associated w/ list words
food AoA = 2.1 or 2.3 YOA # of associates = 324 dance AoA = 2.9 or 3.7 YOA # of associates = 62 hem AoA = 5.2 or 10.6 YOA # of associates = 5
History of Psychology – Philosophical Influences 1600s Descartes - Rationalist Locke - Empiricist
1700s - Kant Argued that bothrationalismand empiricism are important - dialectical synthesis
History of Psychology – Influence from Physiology von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Broca (1824-1880) Wernicke (1848-1905)
Scientific Revolution (1550-1700) Copernicus – discovered that the sun was the center of the universe. later validated by Galileo and Newton
Psychology as an independent discipline Wundt 1st laboratory - 1879 Leipzig, Germany 1st Journal in Psychology 5400 pages in articles and books
Psychology as an independent discipline Titchner student of Wundt championedstructuralism - introspection
Schools of Psychology - Structuralism Structuralism – attempt to break down conscious perception into its basic elements. Introspection – technique Titchner
Schools of Psychology - Structuralism Structuralism – attempt to dissect perception into elements Introspection – technique introspection colors shapes size texture
Problems with Introspection 1. Subjective
Problems with Introspection 1. Subjective 2. The conscious mind does not have access to basic perceptual processes meaning sounds letters features BOOK
Problems with Introspection 1. Subjective 2. The conscious mind does not have access to basic perceptual processes 3. The act of introspecting may change the experience itself
Verbal Learning – The Ebbinghaus Tradition von Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
Early Memory Research – The Work of Ebbinghaus - CVCs (NUG) - Relearning Task kug bap fob lep dup etc.
savings score
Schools of Psychology – Functionalism William James – Harvard Principles of Psychology (1890) Still in print! Functionalism – focus is on the functions of the mind first to distinguish b/w STM and LTM
Schools of Psychology – Psychoanalytic Psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Major Contribution – thoughts and behaviors can be influenced by unconscious processes.
Schools of Psychology – Gestalt Psychology (early-mid 1900s) Gestalt Theme - The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. - elements of stimulus are processed in parallel - defined basic perceptual principles - perceptual constancy - principle of similarity
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism Watson (1913) – Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it Behavior is the proper subject matter for psychology. The mind is not. Logical positivism– All knowledge should be expressed by statements that are directly verifiable. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Law of Effect
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism Watson (1913) – Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it Behavior is the proper subject matter for psychology. The mind is not. "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors" (Watson, 1930).
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism Operant conditioning Law of Effect behavior positive outcome = repeat behavior negative outcome = do not repeat E. Thorndike
More than Conditioning? Latent Learning – Tolman(1930) Cognitive map Rats Group A - never rewarded Group B - always rewarded Group C – no reward for first 11 days, on 12th day always rewarded
never rewarded rewarded on Day 12 always rewarded
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism Dominated experimental psychology b/w 1920 and 1960 Then psychologists started studying the mind again Why? 1. Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’s book “Verbal Behavior”
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism Dominated experimental psychology b/w 1920 and 1960 Then psychologists started studying the mind again Why? 1. Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’s book “Verbal Behavior” 2. The invention of the computer
Schools of Psychology – Behaviorism Dominated experimental psychology b/w 1920 and 1960 Then psychologists started studying the mind again Why? 1. Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’s book “Verbal Behavior” 2. The invention of the computer 3. WWII
History of Cognitive Psychology – The Winds of Change 1956 – Miller - STM 1959 – Chomsky reviews Skinner’s book 1959 – Selfridge - pandemonium theory 1960 – Sperling - iconic memory 1960 – Treisman - attention
Cognitive Psychology – later in the 60s Roger Sperry – hemispheric specialization Quillian (1968) coins “semantic memory” Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) propose memory model Sternberg establishes RT as important DV
Cognitive Psychology – the 70s Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) – semantic priming Craik and Lockhart (1972) – levels of processing Collins, Quillian, Loftus – spreading activation Baddeley proposes STWM model Loftus and Palmer (1974) – car accident study Tversky and Kahneman – heuristics and decision making McClelland (1979) – cascadic processing Tulving – encoding specificity
Cognitive Psychology – the 80s Implicit Memory – Schacter, Roediger, Squire, Jacoby Modularity of Mind – Fodor (1983) McClelland and Rumelhart – interactive activation Seidenberg and McClelland (1989) – PDP
Schools of Psychology – Cognitive Psychology The study of the mind and mental processes. What about Logical Positivism? inference
Assumptions of Modern Cognitive Psychology 1. Mental processes exist 2. These processes can be studied and "discovered" 3. It is possible to infer a mental process from behavior 4. Mental processes involve a series of steps 5. Mental processes take time
Current Trends 1. The study of the brain is big
Current Trends 1. The study of the brain is big 2. Connectionism is big
Current Trends 1. The study of the brain is big 2. Connectionism is big 3. Cognitive Science – interdisciplinary approach cognitive psychology linguistics computer science neuroscience and more
Cognitive Science – Interdisciplinary approach cognitive psychology linguistics computer science communication science neuroscience
Cognitive Science – Interdisciplinary approach cognitive psychology linguistics computer science communication science neuroscience
Current Trends 1. The study of the brain is big 2. Connectionism is big 3. Cognitive Science – interdisciplinary approach 4. Applications of cognitive psychology - e.g., Testing Effect