Exploration and Discovery

1. Exploration and Discovery Chapter 13

2. Preparation for Discovery Section 1 Video about Discovery

3. List and explain the reasons why Europe began to explore the New World • 1.) Search for New Trade Routes • Wanted goods from the East, China, Spice Islands • Italians had a monopoly • Muslims attacked • Fees • Thus, people went searching for new route.

5. 2.) Quest for Gold • In Africa • Began searching, but often ended in losses

6. 3.) Desire for Adventure and Glory • Many died along the way

7. 4.) Religious Concerns • Late 15th century, Moors still controlled Southern Iberian Peninsula • Fall of Constantinople 1453. • Sought out Prester John in Africa…never found • Missionaries to Muslims

8. Prester John

9. 5.) Competition Among European Nations • Commercialism • Trade settlements and colonization

10. List the navigational aids used by explorers, explain how they came into being and describe their use. • 1.) Maps • 2.) Instruments: • Compass – created by Chinese • Astrolabe • Quadrant • Cross-Staff • Video of Making your own compass

11. Compass Astrolabe Quadrant Cross Staff

13. Explain the technological advances that made ocean-going ships possible. • 1400s – ships built for long distance • Sails instead of Oars • Triangle sails by Arabs • Square sails by Vikings • Thus we get Caravel

16. Let’s Set Sail Video

17. Know the story of the following individuals and the role they played in the exploration and conquest of the “New World.” Also, be able to discuss terms and issues listed. • Portugal and Spain were in the lead • Turned Southward to Africa • Crusading spirit

18. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • Portugal • “greatest figure in the history of exploration”….never went on one • Intrigued by Africa • Started “school” of navigation • Sponsored astronomers, mapmakers, sea captains, etc. • Allowed for navigational improvement of tools • Set sailors out to explore Africa

20. Bartolomeu Dias • 30 years after Henry’s death, Bartolomeu sent to Africa by Portuguese king. • In search of another route to Orient • Accidently found route around Africa’s tip in a storm. • Tip of Africa called “Cape of Good Hope”

22. Vasco da Gama • 10 years after Dias, da Gama sent to follow but find India • 1497, sent with 4 ships • Went way out of the way…closer to South America than Africa • 1 year after beginning, he reaches India • Met Muslims, but still traded enough to pay for his trip 60xs. • Portuguese took over this route, and destroyed Muslim monopoly.

24. Christopher Columbus • Italian • Studied Ptolemy and Marco Polo • Believed you could reach Japan and China by sailing West • Portugal refused to fund, but Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain did • 1492, left with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria • Catholic, believed he was commissioned by God to spread Gospel.

25. Men wanted to turn back. • Two days later, founded San Salvador • Actually in Bahamas. Went to Cuba and elsewhere • 3 more voyages, and he landed in Venezuela • Always thought he had reached Orient • Opened Indian slave trade

27. However… • Vikings originally came over in 10 and 11 centuries • Some believe Phoenicians came over before Christ • 17 Century, Americas were a safe Haven for Christians

28. Line of Demarcation: Explain how it came about, what it was, its major results, and its connection to the requerimento: • Spain and Portugal fighting for trading rights • Pope divides the world between the two • 1493, Pope issues a bull called “The Line of Demarcation”

29. Results: • 1.) Portugal colonizes in Africa and East Indies • 2.) Spain got most of New World, except Brazil • This is the reason Brazilians speak Portuguese • 3.) Spain had to find a westward route to India and China

31. Ferdinand Magellan • 1519 – realized North America was NOT the Orient • Wanted to sail around South America • Spent winter in tip of South America • Called natives “Patagonians” AKA “Big Feet” • Now called “The Strait of Magellan” • One ship deserted, one sank • Called “Pacific” AKA “Peaceful”

32. Ran out of supplies, many starved • Reach Philippines, Magellan killed by natives • Continued without him, found Spice islands, went around Africa and found home. • 18 out of 200 men returned alive • First to circumnavigate

35. Describe the Indians of North America: • “Indians” • Possibly crossed Bering Strait • Some were farmers • Other followed herds • Believed in “Great Spirit” • North American Indians mostly in tribes • 5 major North American Indian Regions

37. 1.) Northeastern Indians: • Formed 5 tribe confederation led by Iroquois • Known for wampum, shell money, birch- bark canoes

39. 2.) Southeastern Indians: • Mound Builders • Still exist

40. Etowah Indian Mounds

41. 3.) Plains Indians • Roamed grasslands • Hunted buffalo • Tepees • Fought with other tribes • Didn’t use horses till Spanish brought them

43. Southwest Indians AKA Cliff Dwellers • Built villages “pueblos” out of adobe, sun dried bricks • Build into cliffs • Most peaceful of NA Indians

45. West Coast Indians • Totem poles depicting local gods

46. Central and South American Indians more civilized • Large cities, trade, art, literature • Pagan and superstitious

47. 1.) Maya • 300-900s • Many city-states in Yucatan Peninsula • Pyramids, temples • Altars, highways • Hieroglyphics • Astronomy • Computed length of year, built astronomical observatories, mathematics • Worshipped false gods, feathered serpent. • Mayans diminished, some moved on