Pangaea

1. Pangaea Explained through the Continental Drift Theory

2. Alfred Wegener Alfred Lothar Wegener (November 1, 1880 – November 1930) was a German polar researcher, geophysicist and meteorologist In the early 20th century he proposed the Continental Drift Theory based off of a number of observations he made about the world around us

3. Continental Drift Theory The Continental Drift Theory (CDT) states that the continents have not always been in their present locations, but have “drifted” there over millions of years

4. Think about it… Africa S. America

5. Suggesting a Supercontinent Wegener analyzed world maps and noticed that the coastline of South America and Africa match each other too closely to be coincidental He suggested that, millions of years ago, all the continents were joined as a “supercontinent” He named this supercontinent Pangaea (from the Greek words pan meaning “all” and gaea meaning “Earth”) Later scientists discovered that if you line up the continental shelves you get a better alignment of Pangaea

6. Pangaea

7. Other evidence of Pangaea Matching geological structures and rocks Matching fossils Climatic evidence for continental drift

8. Matching Geological Structures and Rocks • Similarities between rock structures, such as folds, and the ages of rocks on continents that are separated by thousands of kilometers of ocean Mountains that begin on one continent end at the coastline and then appear to continue on a continent across the ocean

9. Matching Fossils • Similar fossils occur in various locations around the world • Example A) the fossil of the sharp-toothed, freshwater reptile called Mesosaurus have been found in only two places: SE South America and SW Africa • Because the Mesosauruswas a small freshwater animal, it seemed unlikely the animal would survive crossing the 6,000 km of open ocean

10. Matching Fossils • Members of the same species would have been separated when the giant landmass broke apart • Example B) the fossils of the fern Glossopteris was found widely spread apart (S. America, Africa, Australia, India and Antarctica) • Ferns do not grow in cold climates, and there is no evidence that polar climates were milder back then • If, however, the continents were joined together, then it makes sense to find these fossils in Antarctica, because Antarctica would have been located closer to the equator and thus had a warmer climate

11. Climatic Evidence for Continental Drift The effects of ice ages on Earth’s surface support the CDT • Glaciers are vast masses of ice, found in our time at the poles and high in the mountains. When glaciers advance or retreat, they mark the land with proof of their existence, leaving behind large U-shaped valleys, deeply scratched rocks, and various types and patterns of rock formations • Scientists found evidence of glaciers in parts of the world that are now tropical, such as India and Africa • If the continents were once joined, much of the land mass would have been sitting towards the South Pole, which explains the evidence of glaciers across S. America , Africa and India

12. Glacial scarring from retreating glaciers Pangaea showing where glaciers once existed

13. Coal Deposits support CDT Coal deposits in Antarctica are another piece of evidence that was hard to account for Coal forms from the decomposition of living things – usually tropical swamp material Since the South Pole has never had a tropical climate, this suggests that Antarctica was once in a warmer location than it is now If the mystery could be solved by blaming it on a massive global climate change, there would be evidence around the world, which there is not

14. Coal Deposits