Perspectives from DOE Nuclear Physics

1. Perspectives from DOE Nuclear Physics RHIC User Meeting June 27, 2013

2. FY 2014 Nuclear Physics Budget Highlights Discovering, exploring, and understanding all forms of nuclear matter • Construction continues on the 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade to provide world-leading capability for research on the quark structure of nucleons and nuclei; beam development and commissioning activities are initiated. • Construction is supported for FRIB to provide world-leading capability and new discovery potential for U.S. leadership in nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics. • RHIC operations capitalize on a 10-fold enhancement in luminosity to discover the properties of the new Perfect Quark-Gluon Liquid state of matter and other emergent phenomena in relativistic heavy ion collisions. • ATLAS provides new beams for research on the origin of the elements in the cosmos with the newly operational Californium Rare Isotope Breeder (CARIBU) upgrade. • Forefront research, development, and production of stable and radioactive isotopes is provided for science, medicine, industry, and national security.

3. Office of Science FY 2014 Budget Request to Congress 1/ Annualized CR per FY 2014 President’s Budget (= FY 2012 + 0.612%) RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

4. Nuclear PhysicsFY 2014 President’s Request by Subprogram 1/ Includes $12,745k for SBIR/STTR for comparability with FY 2013 and FY 2014 2/ Details will be submitted in an operating plan to Congress at the end of April. • Significant Changes • Medium Energy increase reflects critical transition of staff from the 12 GeV project back to operations as construction ramps down and project funding decreases • Low Energy increase reflects ramp up of FRIB construction (+$33M) RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

5. Impacts of FY 2013 CR and Sequester • NP operated conservatively under the first CR that ran through March 27. • Annual funding levels were planned at the FY 2013 President’s Request level, not the FY 2012 appropriation level. • The net sequester cut from the FY 2013 operating level, therefore, is only $7M, not the $27M reduction relative to FY 2012. • To the extent possible, NP has worked to create flexibility to try to mitigate impacts and support the most critical mission activities • Per the enacted full-year CR, DOE has an obligation and spending plan • This plan provides the details of how the sequester will be distributed. • A reprogramming request to move the excess funds provided to the 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade project to the rest of the NP program to partially mitigate impacts was approved by Congress. • Worst impacts such as furloughs will be avoided—this fiscal year; Other impacts to facility operations such as delayed and deferred capital and accelerator equipment purchases and projects, and impacts to some NP programs will occur. RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

6. NP Budgets vs. 2007 LRP RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

7. ATLAS Uniquely Provides SC Low Energy Research Opportunities Until 2021 In the out years, ATLAS continues as a unique premier Stable Beam Facility for research on Nuclear Structure & Nuclear Astrophysics RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

8. JLAB: A Multi-Thrust Laboratory for Nuclear Science Nuclear Structure Hadrons from QGP Fundamental Forces & Symmetries Accelerator S&T Medical Imaging Structure of Hadrons Theory and Computation Quark Confinement RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

9. The 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade at TJNAF is 75% Complete • With the completion of the 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade, researchers will address: • The search for exotic new quark anti-quark particles to advance our understanding of the strong force • Evidence of new physics from sensitive searches for violations of nature’s fundamental symmetries • A detailed microscopic understanding of the internal structure of the proton, including the origin of its spin, and how this structure is modified when the proton is inside a nucleus The Forward Calorimeter (FCAL) being assembled in the newly constructed Experimental Hall D. Experimental Hall B readied for construction of the 12 GeV CEABAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12) RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

10. Recent NP AccomplishmentsSolved: The Case of the Missing “Excited” Nucleons The Science Scientists conducting experiments at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) discovered some key, heavier mass (“excited”) versions of the nucleon (i.e. neutron and proton) called “N*s” (pronounced N-stars). These N*s were previously thought to be “missing” – predicted but not in existence. Interior view of the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at TJNAF The Impact Recently, our most sophisticated Lattice-QCD calculations have confirmed long-standing Quark model predictions for a large number of excited nucleon levels that as yet have not been identified. The complete absence of such “missing” states would seriously question our understanding of the nucleon. Summary This discovery addresses a key question: how do the fundamental constituent particles of the Standard Model (quarks, antiquarks and gluons) assemble to form the composite “strongly interacting” particles observed in nature We now know the proton is best described by the dynamics of 3 quarks. The new particles discovered by CLAS have now been included in the Particle Data Group’s 2012 Review of Particle Properties. RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

11. JLab: 21st Century Science Questions • What is the role of gluonic excitations in the spectroscopy of light mesons? Can these excitations elucidate the origin of quark confinement? • Where is the missing spin in the nucleon? Is there a significant contribution from valence quark orbital angular momentum? • Can we reveal a novel landscape of nucleon substructure through measurements of new multidimensional distribution functions? • What is the relation between short-range N-N correlations and the partonic structure of nuclei? • Can we discover evidence for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics? The Office of Science is in the final phase of a major upgrade of the CEBAF Accelerator at TJNAF to provide forefront capability to address this science RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

12. Facility for Rare Isotope Beams FRIB Site February 2013 FRIB will increase the number of isotopes with known properties from ~2,000 observed over the last century to ~5,000 and will provide world-leading capabilities for research on: • Nuclear Structure • The ultimate limits of existence for nuclei • Nuclei which have neutron skins • The synthesis of super heavy elements • Nuclear Astrophysics • The origin of the heavy elements and explosive nucleo-synthesis • Composition of neutron star crusts • Fundamental Symmetries • Tests of fundamental symmetries, Atomic EDMs, Weak Charge • This research will provide the basis for a model of nuclei and how they interact. FRIB Linear Accelerator Left: Titanium-shell beam dump prototype in final preparation for testing under rotation, a capability essential to handle very high power FRIB beams RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

13. FRIB Science Will be Transformational RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

14. Research at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Polarized Jet Target 12:00 o’clock (PHOBOS) 10:00 o’clock (BRAHMS) 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock RF 4:00 o’clock STAR 6:00 o’clock LINAC NSRL EBIS Booster BLIP AGS Tandems • RHIC discovered a new state of matter—a perfect quark-gluon liquid. The RHIC science campaigns planned in the next 3-5 years will: • determine, with precision, the properties of this perfect liquid • search for new discoveries such as the postulated Critical Point in the phase diagram of QCD • explore the gluon and sea quark contributions to the spin of the proton using RHIC, the only collider with polarized beams • explore and develop intellectual connections and broader impacts to other subfields BLIP NSRL RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

15. RHIC Science is at its “High Tc Superconductivity” Moment RHIC has discovered a completely new state of matter (a perfect quark-gluon liquid) which is just as momentous and exciting as the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in condensed matter physics • There is a rich program of science ongoing and planned in the next 3 -5 years to: • determine, with precision, the detailed properties of this new matter • further explore and develop intellectual connections and broader impacts in other subfields of new insights and knowledge gained • search for new discoveries such as the postulated Critical Point in the phase diagram of QCD • explore the gluon and sea quark contributions to the spin of the proton using the only collider with polarized beams RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

16. Productivity & Impact of the RHIC Program More than 40% of all-time top-cited Nuclear Theory arXiv papers are RHIC-related About 30-40% of nuclear physics PHD’s produced annually come from RHIC >190 tenured faculty positions associated with RHIC No rate falloff in citations (use) of RHIC research RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

17. Recent RHIC Result Putting a New Spin on the Proton The double spin asymmetry shown is studied for inclusive jet production in polarized proton collisions at RHIC to assess the contribution of to the proton spin from gluons. The dashed blue curve is predicted if the gluon contribution (helicity preference) is zero. • The latest RHIC p+p spin results indicate clear helicity preferences among gluons carrying ~5-20% of proton momentum, corresponding to a contribution from these gluons of ~ 20% to the overall proton spin • The conclusion to a decade -old question is that gluons contribute to proton spin comparably to quarks! • Further measurements @ s = 500 GeV and for di-jets will extend momentum fraction (Bjorken x) range downward and provide addition information on the x-dependence of this contribution RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

18. New Tools to Study the Perfect Quark Gluon Liquid The Heavy Flavor Tracker for the STAR Experiment at RHIC Barrel and Forward Vertex Detector for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC Instrument investments of  $29M over the last 3-4 years have or will begin data collection by FY2014. An additional investment of $30M in modest machine upgrades over the same period has increased the heavy ion luminosity at RHIC by more than a factor of ten. RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

19. Preparations for Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay Exps. Using techniques that use nuclear isotopes inside cryostats, often made of ultra-clean materials, scientists are “tooling up” to study whether neutrinos are their own anti-particle. The answer could help determine why the matter/anti-matter ratio today is far different than in the early cosmos. R&D on one of several approaches by U.S. scientists is ongoing at Lead, South Dakota • 4800 feet below ground, the copper needed for a cryostat to cool sensitive Germanium detectors is being electroformed to avoid induced backgrounds caused by cosmic rays The cyrostat, made from some of the purest copper in the world, is also prepared 4800 ft underground RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

20. Isotopes and Radioisotopes in Short Supply Provided at Full Cost Recovery Some key isotopes and radioisotopes and the companies that use them Bracco Diagnostics Inc. Spectrum Techniques RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

21. R&D Creates New Production Method for Actinium-225 • A new isotope project at LANL shows promise for rapidly producing major quantities of a new cancer-treatment agent, actinium 225. • Using proton beams, LANL and BNL could match current annual worldwide production of the isotope in just a few days. • A collaboration among LANL, BNL, and ORNL is developing a plan for full-scale production and stable supply of Ac-225. • Ac-225 emits alpha radiation. Alpha particles are energetic enough to destroy cancer cells but are unlikely to move beyond a tightly controlled target region and destroy healthy cells. Alpha particles are stopped in their tracks by a layer of skin—or even an inch or two of air. Times Square NYC RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

22. Additional NP News and Events • The Office is continuing efforts to secure a permanent Medium Energy Program Manager • Process for making an appointment for Director of the Physics Research Division is ongoing. • Kyungseon Joo (U Conn) has joined NP as an IPA; Kawtar Hafidi (ANL) has joined NP as a detailee • Helmut Marsiske left NP in May to serve as a PM in the HEP Program • The comparative review of research efforts at Laboratories and Universities is nearly complete Dates when review panels were held: Nuclear Structure/Nuclear Astro (May 20-24); Heavy Ions (May 28-31) Medium Energy (June 10-14) Nuclear Theory (June 17- 24) Fundamental Symmetries (June 25-28) Thus far the procress seems to have worked reasonably well Panel Members and those reviewed will have an opportunity to provide feedback as to the process Feedback to those reviewed will be provided soon after the review • NP will create a separate portfolio for Neutrons/Neutrinos and Fundamental Symmetries RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

23. Additional NP News and Events • A RHIC Operations Review by the Office of Project Assessment is presently scheduled for August 6-8, 2013. • A review of the 12 GeV Upgrade to address primarily the impacts of the directed funding change in FY 2012 ($50M vs $66M in the project baseline) occurred May 7-9, 2013. Rebaseline expected in September • One-day site visit for TJNAF (July 9) and S&T review for ATLAS (July 30-31) planned in FY2013. • A Lehman review to establish CD2/3a for FRIB was held June 4-5, 2013. SC/NP, in discussion with the FRIB project team, is examining options to continue progress under the full year 2013 Continuing Resolution. • ECA process completed for FY2013; gearing up for FY2014. • NSAC COV report (J. Harris, Chair) was been received; NP’s response has been posted • NSAC’s response to theSC Director’s Facilities Charge has been submitted to SC • DOE is developing a plan in response to the OSTP memo on Open Access RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

24. Additional NP News and Events Within NP, and in preliminary discussion with HEP, there has begun to be some rumination about how to carry out a possible down-select process if the science “demands” that a ton-scale 0ββexperiment be carried out, and resources are available. • Discussion with HEP suggests that one approach could be an NSAC subpanel with members from NP and HEP to consider DBD R&D and downselect criteria. The subpanel could consider U.S. (pre-conceptual) R&D proposals for next generation experiments, in the context of related international planning efforts and report on: • Merit of U.S. pursuing a next generation double beta decay experiment in current international • landscape • Identify potential candidates of next generation experiments – description,  Status of R&D, • remaining risks, priorities for future R&D • Down select criteria for an internationally competitive experiment, including a sensitivity • goal • These thoughts are formative for strategic planning purposes only at this point. As always, input from the community is welcome RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

25. Other News: The National Defense Authorization Act for FY2013 and NSAC (H. R. 4310— 581) (4) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND REVIEW.—The Secretary shall— (A) develop a program plan and annually update the program plan through public workshops; and (B) use the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee to conduct annual reviews of the progress made in achieving the program goals and make recommendations to improve program effectiveness. NP/ IDPRA (the Isotope Program) is considering the most effective means to propose for addressing this Congressional direction. A concept being considered is to empanel a new NSACI subpanel to carry out the directed assessment as well as an assessment of the status and progress in addressing isotope needs broadly. As always, feedback from the community is welcome. RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

26. Major Considerations for Nuclear Physics in FY 2013 and FY 2014 • Rebaselining the12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade Project due to the reduced FY 2012 appropriation and managing its completion • SC construction project management review – May • Baselining the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) and starting construction • SC construction project management review – early June • Optimizing Core Research within constrained budgets • Comparative research review of all NP subprograms – May/June 2013 • Maintaining productivity of user facility operations within constrained funding • Increased support for 12 GeV operations to transition essential staff back from the 12 GeV CEBAF Upgrade Construction Project and to address increased costs for power and cryogens with the start of 12 GeV commissioning • Adequate support to maintain yearly data taking runs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) • Optimal utilization of ATLAS as the only SC facility providing research opportunities for nuclear structure/astrophysics scientists until 2021 • Meeting the stable and radioisotope needs of the Nation, and mitigating impacts, to the extent possible, of potential reduced production capability RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

27. Conclusion • The future of nuclear science in the United States may not be exactly as envisioned in the 2007 Long Range Plan, but it remains rich with science opportunities • Long term, QCD research may become consolidated around a possible electron-ion collider The United States continues to provide resources for and to expect: • U.S. world leadership in discovery science illuminating the properties of nuclear matter in all of its manifestations • Tools necessary for scientific and technical advances which will lead to new knowledge, new competencies, and groundbreaking innovation and applications • Strategic investments in toolsand research to provide the U.S. with premier research capabilities in the world Nuclear Science will continue to be an important part of the U.S. science investment strategy to create new knowledge and technology innovation supporting U.S. security and competitiveness RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

28. New Charge Given to NSAC on Future Facilities Needed for SC’s Mission From: W. F. Brinkman Director, Office of Science I am writing to present a new charge to each of the Office of Science Federal Advisory Committees. I would like each Advisory Committee to help us with an important task—the prioritization of proposed scientific user facilities for the Office of Science. To meet a very compressed timetable, we will need your final report by March 22, 2013. This charge derives from Administration efforts to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability of government programs and requirements of the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act of 2010. In order to improve the agency’s performance, and in compliance with this Act, DOE has established several Priority Goals, including the following goal for the Office of Science: Goal Statement: Prioritization of scientific facilities to ensure optimal benefit from Federal investments. By September 30, 2013, formulate a 10-year prioritization of scientific facilities across the Office of Science based on (1) the ability of the facility to contribute to world-leading science, (2) the readiness of the facility for construction, and (3) an estimated construction and operations cost of the facility. RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013

29. Nuclear PhysicsFY 2014 President’s Request - Summary by Subprogram RHIC User Meeting, June 27, 2013