Warm Up:

1. Warm Up: • Happy Wednesday!!! Two more school days until Spring break!!!!! • What do you know about gladiators? • Where have you seen gladiators in the media??

2. Roman Culture and Society

3. Roman Arts and Literature The Romans spread Greco-Roman arts and culture throughout the empire

4. Roman Arts • Developed a taste for Greek statues

5. Sculpture • Sculptures produced more realistic works

6. Paintings • Painters painted portraits and landscapes on walls of villas

7. Architecture • Concrete helped to construct huge buildings that the Greeks could not create • Remarkable engineers • Roads, bridges, and aqueducts • Built 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire • In Rome, a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water

8. Architecture • Excelled in architecture • Used curved forms • Arch, vault and dome

9. Parthenon • Found in Rome. It was originally built as a temple to the gods. • Later converted to Christian (Catholic) church. • Best example of Roman Dome building.

10. Latin Language • Romans spoke Latin; it was the official language of the empire. • It was the language of government, trade, and culture. • If you wanted to do business with Rome, you had to speak Latin. • As Rome spread, and eventually broke apart, the language split apart. • Latin still is taught in some schools (important for law and medical fields), but not in common use.

11. Latin Language Splits • Language splinters into several other languages when Rome falls. These Languages are called “Romance Languages”, named after Rome itself. • French • Spanish • Italian • Portuguese • Romanian

12. Slavery and Slave Revolts • No people in the ancient world had more slaves or depended on slaved more than the Romans • Large numbers of captured soldiers in war became slaves • Used as: household workers, cooks, valets, waiters, cleaners, gardeners, farm laborers • Many slave holders were afraid of their slaves b/c they treated them so awful

13. Slavery and Slave Revolts • If a slave killed his master, the slave would be executed and all other slaves would be killed too • Most famous slave revolt was led by the gladiator Spartacus • In 73 B.C. he led 70,000 slaves • Defeated several armies • 6,000 of his followers were crucified or nailed to a cross

14. Spartacus is Hollywood

15. Aqueducts and Roman Roads • Superb builders • Network of 50,000 miles of roads • Largest was the Appian Way • Rome- a dozen aqueducts kept 1 million people supplied with water

16. Appian Way • First Major Roman road. It signaled the start of Rome’s love of building roads.

17. How Aqueducts Work • Aqueducts worked by using gravity to get water to a city. • Water key to large cities • Drinking Water • Sewage (Rome’s sewer system was cutting edge

18. Life in Ancient Rome City life in Ancient Rome had great problems similar to life today

19. Family • The heart of Roman society was the family • Paterfamilias- the dominant (oldest, ususally) male in the house. • Included wife, sons and their wives, unmarried daughters, and slaves

20. Education • Raised their children at home • Upper-class children: expected to learn and read • Father was chief figure in providing education • Decided whether to teach them, hire a teacher, or send to school • Teachers were often Greek slaves

21. Adulthood • Childhood ended for: • Boys- 16 • Girls- 12-14 • Ceremony for boys- trade in purple toga • Girls ceremony- marriage • Women must have male guardians • Paterfamilias responsibility • When he dies, sons or nearest relative takes over

22. Marriage • Girls could get married as young as 12 • Boys usually 16-18 • Meant for life • 3rd century A.D.- introduce divorce • Easy to obtain • Husband or wife could ask for it • Fathers arranged marriages for their daughters

23. Women • More independence and freedom • Right to own, inherit and sell property • Not segregated from men in the homes • Could attend races, theater, amphitheater but sit in separate sections • Accompanied by maids • Could not participate in politics

24. The Roman Gladiators A Gladiator’s Life Types of Gladiators Circus Maximus and The Colosseum

25. A Gladiator’s Life • As Rome expands it comes into conflict with other cultures • Majority of those that become gladiators are because of conquest • The conquered were then escorted back to Rome where they would be sold in slave markets

26. A Gladiator’s Life • Sent to a ludusgladiatorious to be trained • Training was under the supervision of a lanistaor “the butcher” • Abuse was common place and was both physical and psychological (whipping most common) • Day consisted of lifting weights and learning the art of death

27. A Gladiator’s Life • Common myth is that gladiators were only slaves • Majority were but they were criminals, debtors and those condemned to death • Trained according to one’s physical attributes or skills

28. At the Coliseum • At the coliseum gladiators fought first • Concerned about survival and what lanistawill do if you do not perform well • After condemned are killed, animals hunted and criminal fights • Gladiators fight again in late day but it is to the death now

29. Death of Gladiators • Defeated gladiators could appeal for mercy but it was at the whim of the crowd • Death did not always come at the hands of one’s opponent • Men dressed as Roman gods would kill the loser in a variety of ways to add to the sensationalism of the event • Thumbs down meant to spare the gladiator • A thumb up meant to kill him

30. Colosseum • Built by Emperor Vespasian and Titus 70-80 A.D. • Seated 45,000, had two large restroom areas, covered area, numbered seating based on class, and had supporting facilities nearby • Longest games were 123days long

31. Colosseum • Exotic animals hunts, gladiatorial combat, executions, brutal plays, battle recreations and possibly naval battles with alligators entertained the crowds

34. Material Evidence

35. Zliten Mosaic Originally in a Roman seaside villa Now in Archaeological Musuem Tripoli, Tunisia