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Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

5 th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling. Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology. Context. Domain: Manufacturing Process. PSL. Interoperation. Definition.

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Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

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  1. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling Translation Patterns to Specify Processes in the PSL Ontology

  2. Context Domain: Manufacturing Process PSL Interoperation 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  3. Definition “An Ontology is a formal explicit specification of a sharedconceptualization for a domain of interest” T. Gruber: “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications”. In Knowledge Acquisition, Vol. 5, 1993, pp. 199-220. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  4. PSL Ontology • PSL: Process Specification Language • Author: National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST – http://www.nist.gov/) • Domain of Application: Manufacturing Processes. • Sample of concepts and their relationships: activity, activity occurrence, duration, object, sub-activity, consumes … 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  5. PSL Ontology • Documentation: http://www.mel.nist.gov/psl/ • Formalism: First-Order Logic (FOL) • Structure: Layered FOL theories (lattice of theories related by ‘extension’). • Language: Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) … any FOL language would suffice (e.g. UML’s Object Constraint Language – OCL). 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  6. Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process Consider a complex activity a, with primitive subactivities a1 and a2, respectively. Assume that we want to express the process characterized by occurrences of a1 followed by occurrences of a2, such that: • There are no occurrences before a1 and after a2. • There are no occurrences of a between a1 and a2. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  7. Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process [1](activity a) [2](activity a1) [3](activity a2) [4](subactivity a1 a) [5](subactivity a2 a) [6](primitive a1) [7](primitive a2) [8](forall (?occ_a) [9] (implies [10] (and (occurrence_of ?occ_a a) [11] (legal ?occ_a)) [12] (exists (?occ_a1 ?occ_a2) [13] (and [14] (occurrence_of ?occ_a1 a1) [15] (legal ?occ_a1) [16] (occurrence_of ?occ_a2 a2) [17] (legal ?occ_a2) [18] (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a1 ?occ_a) [19] (subactivity_occurrence ?occ_a2 ?occ_a) [20] (root_occ ?occ_a1 ?occ_a) [21] (next_subocc ?occ_a1 ?occ_a2 a) [22] (leaf_occ ?occ_a2 ?occ_a))))) 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  8. Example of a PSL Specification: Simple Sequential Process [1]let a be an activity [2]let a1 be an activity [3]let a2 be an activity [4]let a1 be a subactivity of a [5]let a2 be a subactivity of a [6]let a1 be primitive [7]let a2 be primitive [8]for all ?occ_a: [9] if [10] ?occ_a is an occurrence of a and [11] ?occ_a is legal, then [12] there exist ?occ_a1, ?occ_a2, such that [13] [14] ?occ_a1 is an occurrence of a1, and [15] ?occ_a1 is legal, and [16] ?occ_a2 is an occurrence of a2, and [17] ?occ_a2 is legal, and [18] ?occ_a1 is a subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and [19] ?occ_a2 is a subactivity occurrence of ?occ_a, and [20] ?occ_a1 is the root occurrence of ?occ_a, and [21] ?occ_a2 strictly follows ?occ_a1 in the activity tree of a, and [22] ?occ_a2 is the leaf occurrence of ?occ_a 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  9. This Paper • Derives patterns that can be used to generate PSL specifications of processes comprised of activities, which can be complex/primitive, and are composed: • Sequentially. • Concurrently. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  10. Questions? • Thanks! 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  11. The End 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  12. Outline • Starting with the Basics • Definitions • Examples/Applications • Requirements • Research Problems • Summary • References 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  13. Starting with the Basics • From the Merrian-Webster Dictionary: Main Entry: on·tol·o·gyPronunciation: än-'tä-l&-jEFunction: nounEtymology: New Latin ontologia, from ont- + -logia -logy1: a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being2: a particular theory about the nature of being or the kinds of existents- on·tol·o·gist /-jist/ noun 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  14. Definitions Application Body of Concepts Application Domain Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  15. Definitions Application Domain: Cooking Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Aguacate (L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: avocado (US, L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Palta (Chile) 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  16. Definitions Application Body of Concepts Application Domain Applications Local Lingo Applications Local Lingo Ontology: Common Lingo! Applications Local Lingo 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  17. Definitions Application Domain: Cooking Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Aguacate (L.A.) Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: avocado (US, L.A.) Ontology: Scientific Classification Appetizers: Guacamole Local Lingo: Palta (Chile) 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  18. Definitions Application Domain: Cooking Ontology: Scientific Classification 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  19. Definitions Approaches to Interoperability A1 A1 A2 A3 A2 A3 Ontology! A4 A4 A5 A5 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  20. Examples/Application • Web Ontology Language – OWL: • Resource Description Framework (RDF) and its vocabulary description language (RDFS – RDF Scheme). • DAML+OIL: joint effort … • DARPAAgent Markup Language (US) • Ontology Inference Language (ontoknowledge.org Sponsored by European Community) • Fundamental Application: Semantic Web … 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  21. Requirements • Formalism-based: • Syntax and Semantics • Model-based: set theory, logic, algebras • Ability to reason: • Use theorem provers, inference engines • Ability to transport knowledge (domain-specific, lingo-neutral) • Usability: • Humans do not directly use Ontologies, tools enable their use 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  22. Research Problems • Core (Domain-Independent): • New Formalisms (RDF, RDFS, F-Logic, Ontology Algebras) • Frameworks/Tools to engineer ontologies (ONTOCLEAN, OTKM). • Domain-Dependent: • Medical • Defense/Intelligence • Manufacturing • Software Engineering • Semantic Web • Modeling 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  23. Summary • Requirements: • Formalism-based • Ability to reason • Ability to transport knowledge (domain-specific, lingo-neutral) • Usability • Research: • Core research • Applied research A1 A2 A3 Ontology! A4 A5 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

  24. References • Many references embedded in the document as hyperlinks. • S. Staab, R. Studer (Editors): “Handbook of Ontologies”. Springer-Verlag, 2004. • T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila: “The Semantic Web”. Scientific American, May 2001. 5th OOPSLA Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling – Sánchez & Hansen Presentation

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