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Environmental Health Factors of Bottled Water

Environmental Health Factors of Bottled Water. Kristie Driver Owoyemi MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-5 Instructor: Stephen Arnold October 2010. Why Do We Drink Bottled Water?. More than half of all Americans drink bottled water; about a third of the public consumes it regularly.

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Environmental Health Factors of Bottled Water

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  1. Environmental Health Factors of Bottled Water Kristie Driver Owoyemi MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-5 Instructor: Stephen Arnold October 2010

  2. Why Do We Drink Bottled Water? • More than half of all Americans drink bottled water; about a third of the public consumes it regularly. • more than 700 brands of water produced worldwide • Americans spent $10.6 billion on bottled water in 2009. • Consumers pay up to 1,000 times the cost of tap water. • Many believe bottled water to be better regulated, purer, or safer than most tap water. Reference Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2010). Bottled Water- Pure Drink or Pure Hype? Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp

  3. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) • NRDC completed a four-year study of the bottled water industry which included: • gathering information on bacterial and chemical contamination problems • researching sources of bottled water • determining bottled water safety • comparing FDA's bottled water rules with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules that apply to tap water Reference Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2010). Bottled Water- Pure Drink or Pure Hype? Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp

  4. Regulations on Bottled Water • FDA's rules completely exempt 60-70 percent of the bottled water sold in the United States. • FDA also exempts "carbonated water," "seltzer," and many other waters sold in bottles from its bottled water standards. • Some bottled waters covered by FDA's specific bottled water standards have weaker rules than EPA rules applied to big city tap water. • FDA says bottled water is a low priority. Reference Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2010). Bottled Water- Pure Drink or Pure Hype? Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp

  5. Marketing Bottled Water • Designed to convince the public of bottled water's purity and safety, and capitalizing on public concern about tap water quality. • misleading implications of sources of water • Is “spring water” really “spring water?” • Approximately one fourth of bottled water is bottled tap water. Reference Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2010). Bottled Water- Pure Drink or Pure Hype? Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp

  6. Quality of Bottled Water • Environmental Working Group (EWG) Bottled Water Quality Investigation 2008 • 10 major brands tested, 38 pollutants found • Walmart and Giant Brands No Different than Tap Water • Contained chemical signature of standard municipal water treatment. • Broad Range of Pollutants Found in all 10 Brands • Disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and minerals, fertilizers, etc. Reference Naidenko, O., Leiba, N., Sharp, R., Houlihan, J. (2008). Bottled Water Quality Investigation: 10 Major Brands, 38 Pollutants. Environmental Working Group (EWG). Retrieved November 11, 2010 from http://www.ewg.org/reports/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Quality-Investigation

  7. Bottled Water is Bad for the Environment • 1.5 million tons of plastic per year • Increased fossil fuel usage • 80% of plastic bottles is thrown away • Risk to marine life Reference Food&WaterWatch.org (FWW). (2010). Bottled Water Costs Consumers and the Environment. Retrieved October 24, 2010 from http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/bottled/facts/bottled-water-bad-for-people-and-the-environment/

  8. What’s In Your Plastic Bottle? • Most plastics are made from petroleum and can contain many other chemicals that are not labeled but can be toxic to animals and humans. • Phthalates: • Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) • Diethyl phthalate (DEP) Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) • Benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP) Dicylohexyl phthalate (DCHP) • Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) Reference Mosko, S. (2004). Plastics and Human Health. Earth Resource Foundation. Retrieved October 22, 2010 from http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-health.html

  9. Facts About Phthalates? • migrate easily out of plastic because not chemically bound • Cross the placental barrier, allowing prenatal exposure • Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is most abundantly used • 2 million tons produced in 1999 alone • classified as a probable human carcinogen by US EPA • Some U.S. plastic wrap manufacturers have removed phthalates voluntarily. Reference Mosko, S. (2004). Plastics and Human Health. Earth Resource Foundation. Retrieved October 22, 2010 from http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-health.html

  10. Facts About Phthalates cont…. • Scientists have linked various phthalates to abnormal health effects including: • abnormal male sexual development • Male infertility • Premature breast development • Cancer • Miscarriage and premature birth • California passed a law in 2003 listing DEHP as a reproductive toxin Reference Mosko, S. (2004). Plastics and Human Health. Earth Resource Foundation. Retrieved October 22, 2010 from http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-health.html

  11. Regulations On Tap Water • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have set drinking water standards. • Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 • regulates the nation’s public drinking water supply • protects sources of drinking water • National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) • Limits the levels of contaminants in drinking water Reference U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Bottled Water Basics. Water & Health Series pp. 1-7. Retrieved October 23, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/ogwdw/upload/2005_09_14_faq_fs_healthseries_bottledwater.pdf

  12. Is Your Tap Water Safe? • Contaminants can enter water supplies either as a result of human and animal activities. • Contaminants can also occur naturally in the environment. • Examples of contamination: • Microbial contamination • Chemical contamination from fertilizers • Lead contamination Reference U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2009). Water on Tap: What You Need To Know. Pp. 1-36. Retrieved October 24, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/guide/upload/book_waterontap_full.pdf

  13. Is Your Tap Water Safe? • Tap water can contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. • Magnesium and calcium • Flavor • Essential to body • Potentially harmful at high levels • Contaminates such as pesticides or bacteria from human wastes can cause adverse effects. Reference U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). Bottled Water Basics. Water & Health Series pp. 1-7. Retrieved October 23, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/ogwdw/upload/2005_09_14_faq_fs_healthseries_bottledwater.pdf

  14. How To Protect Yourself • To bring bottled water up to the standards of tap water the EWG recommends: • Eliminating current double standard. • Disclosure of test results for contaminants. • Disclosure of treatment techniques. • Disclosure of location of water source. Reference Naidenko, O., Leiba, N., Sharp, R., Houlihan, J. (2008). Bottled Water Quality Investigation: 10 Major Brands, 38 Pollutants. Environmental Working Group (EWG). Retrieved November 11, 2010 from http://www.ewg.org/reports/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Quality-Investigation

  15. Other Recommendations • To ensure that public health and the environment are protected, the EWG recommends: • Increased protection of rivers, streams, and groundwater • Improving source water protection programs • Drink filtered tap water instead of bottled water • Install whole-house carbon filter Reference Naidenko, O., Leiba, N., Sharp, R., Houlihan, J. (2008). Bottled Water Quality Investigation: 10 Major Brands, 38 Pollutants. Environmental Working Group (EWG). Retrieved November 11, 2010 from http://www.ewg.org/reports/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Quality-Investigation

  16. Thank You

  17. References Food&WaterWatch.org (FWW). (2010). Bottled Water Costs Consumers and the Environment. Retrieved October 24, 2010 from http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/bottled/facts/bottled-water-bad-for-people-and-the-environment/ Mosko, S. (2004). Plastics and Human Health. Earth Resource Foundation. Retrieved October 22, 2010 from http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-health.html Naidenko, O., Leiba, N., Sharp, R., Houlihan, J. (2008). Bottled Water Quality Investigation: 10 Major Brands, 38 Pollutants. Environmental Working Group (EWG). Retrieved November 11, 2010 from http://www.ewg.org/reports/BottledWater/Bottled-Water-Quality-Investigation Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). (2010). Bottled Water- Pure Drink or Pure Hype? Retrieved October 21, 2010 from http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/exesum.asp U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2005). Bottled Water Basics. Water & Health Series pp. 1-7. Retrieved October 23, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/ogwdw/upload/2005_09_14_faq_fs_healthseries_bottledwater.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2009). Water on Tap: What You Need To Know. Pp. 1-36. Retrieved October 24, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/guide/upload/book_waterontap_full.pdf

  18. Suggested Readings U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2010). Drinking Water Contaminants: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Retrieved October 24, 2010 from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm Westerhoff P, Prapaipong P, Shock E, Hillaireau A. (2008). Antimony Leaching From Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Used for Bottled Drinking Water. Water Res. 42(3) 551-556. Retrieved October 22, 2010 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17707454

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